Unit III: Language in Use
1. Reading Comprehension
Exercises
A. Read the paragraph and
answer the questions that follow.
After a light breakfast
of a few biscuits and half a slab of chocolate, I left my tenta around 5.30
a.m. Ang Dorjee was standing outside. No one else was about A Dorjee was going
to climb without oxygen. But because of this his feet would get very cold. He
thus wanted to avoid long exposure at heights and a night at the Sum Camp. He
had therefore to either get to the peak and back to the South Col the s day or
abandon the attempt.
He was keen to start
immediately and asked if I would like to go with him. Going t the top from the
South Col and back in a day would be strenuous and tough, and there was the
risk of Ang Dorjee turning back if his feet got too cold. I, however, hat full
confidence in Ang Dorjee as well as in my stamina and climbing capability
Besides, no one else was ready to move at that
time.
Questions:
1.
When was Ang Dorjee going to climb?
In
the morning.
2. What would happen if
Ang Dorjee climbed without oxygen?
If
Ang Dorjee climbed without oxygen, his feet would get very cold.
3. What would be
strenuous and tough for Ang Dorjee?
Going
to the top from the South Col
and back in the same day.
4. What was the risk in
going to the top from the South Col? Why?
There was the risk of not
turning back in going to the top from the South Col because his feet could get
cold.
5.
Locate synonyms of the following words from the passage.
a.
Instantly
, b. Tiring
Syn.:
a.
Immediately, b. Strenuous,
B.
Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
That evening the
ill-natured man had a strange feeling- something which he had
never felt before. And
his wife gave him a strange look as he said, 'Peg, Farmer Green has killed me!
He said he would and he has done it'
Yes the 'enemy' was
'killed' without the loss of a single life, or shedding one drop of blood. He
went in the morning to confess his ingratitude to his kind neighbour, and to
ask his forgiveness, and the very man who had been noted for nothing but his
wickedness, became the friend of all.
There is the greatest
difference in the world between conquering by power, and conquering by
kindness. The former is like building a dam across a stream of water. It may
stop its flow for a little while, but presently the dam will give way, and then
the stream will rush on with more force and fury than ever. Conquering by power
is like chaining a lion; conquering by kindness keeps the lion from doing harm,
by changing his nature, and turning him into a lamb. Questions
1. When did the
ill-natured man experience a strange feeling?
In
the evening.
2. Who confessed
ingratitude and asked for forgiveness?
The
ill-natured man confessed ingratitude and asked for forgiveness.
3. Which two things are
like a conquering by power?
i.
Building a dam across a stream of water. ii.
Chaining a lion.
4. What keeps lion from
doing harm?
Conquering
by kindness keeps the lion from doing harm.
5. Locate synonyms of the
following words in the passage. a. To admit,
b.
Gentleness
Synonyms : a.
Confess b.
Kindness
C. Read the paragraph and
answer the questions that follow.
It was terrifying to
stand erect on a knife-edge ridge, with a sheer drop on either side. I had to
dig my ice-axe deep and secure myself by attaching the waist-strap to the ice.
axe head. There was some tricky climbing between the South Summit and what is
popularly known as Hillary's Step. Ang Dorjee and Lhatoo were already over it
but! was still negotiating its vertical face when Ang Dorjee gesticulated
towards the top. 1 was thrilled. The goal was near. With renewed vigour I was
on top of the step in seconds. The sun had made the snow soft and climbing was
easier here than it had been earlier.
We trudged in the heavy
powdery snow for some time. Then the gradient started easing off noticeably. A
few steps later I saw that after only a couple of metres there was no upward
climb. The slope plunged steeply down. My heart stood still. It dawned on me
that success was within reach. And at 1. 07 p.m. on 23 May 1984, 1 stood on top
of Everest, the first Indian woman to have done so.
Questions:
1.What
was there between the South Summit and Hillary's Step?
There was some tricky climbing.
2. Who had made the snow
soft?
The
sun had made the snow soft.
3. Why was climbing
easier there than it had been earlier?
Climbing
was easier there than it had been earlier because the sun had made the snow
soft.
4. When did the first
Indian woman stand on top of Everest?
On 23 May 1984 at 1. 07 p.m.
5.
Locate synonyms: a.
Frightening, b. Mountaineering
Synonyms: a.
Terrifying,
b. Climbing
2. Paragraph Writing/ Essay Writing
Exercises
A. Rearrange each group of jumbled sentences below so
as to have well-written paragraphs.
1. It contains, of course the meaning of 'difficult
words'.
One of the most important reference books that you
must possess is a dictionary.
It also gives you the pronunciation of the words.
You do possess one, perhaps, but I doubt whether you
are aware of the different kinds of information it contains.
The dictionary can be referred to for the various
grammatical forms of words as well
Every college dictionary should provide at least these
four kinds of information about words, namely pronunciation, meaning
grammatical patterns and usage.
Finally, a good dictionary contains illustrative
sentences or phrases, showing how words are actually used.
Rearranged well-written paragraph as below:
One of the most
important reference books that you must possess is a dictionary. You do possess
one, perhaps, but I doubt whether you are aware of the different kinds of
information it contains. It contains, of course, the meanings of difficult
words. It also gives you the pronunciation of the words. The dictionary can be
referred to for the various grammatical forms of words as well. Finally, a good
dictionary contains illustrative sentences or phrases, showing how words are
actually used. Every college dictionary should provide at least these four
kinds of information about words, namely pronunciation, meaning, grammatical
patterns and usage.
2. They are chemistry, physics, physiology or
medicine, literature and peace. It is allotted from funds bequeathed by Alfred
Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist.
In 1969, economics was added to the list.
Nobel’s will designated six areas for which prizes
could be awarded.
Prizes in these seven areas are presented in December
every year, in the presence of
The King of Sweden, as a fitting tribute to Alfred
Nobel.
The Nobel Prize is considered one of the most
prestigious awards made to people whose work benefits humanity.
The funds are administered by the Nobel Foundation in
Stockholm.
Rearranged Well-written Paragraph as below:
The Nobel Prize is
considered one of the most prestigious awards made to people whose work
benefits humanity. It is allotted from funds bequeathed by Alfred Nobel, a
Swedish inventor and philanthropist. The funds are administered by the Nobel
Foundation in Stockholm. Nobel’s will designated six areas for which prizes
could be awarded. They are chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine,
literature and peace. In 1969, economics was added to the list. Prizes in these
seven areas are presented in December every year, in the presence of the King
of Sweden, as a fitting tribute to Alfred Nobel.
3. The commercial uses of bamboo are astonishing.
India produces over 3 million tonnes of bamboo annually, and nearly half of it
is turned into paper.
Another important use of bamboo is in housing.
Concrete reinforced with bamboo can replace even steel
in building, for example, suspension bridges.
Scientists at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun,
are working on the extraction of diesel fuel from the jointed stem of bamboo.
With its network of rhizomes and roots, bamboo also
plays an important role in the prevention of soil erosion.
Rearranged well-written paragraph as below:
India produces over 3 million tonnes of bamboo
annually, and nearly half of it is
Turned into paper.
The commercial uses of bamboo are astonishing. Concrete reinforced with bamboo
can replace even steel in building, for example, suspension bridges. Another
important use of bamboo is in housing. With its network of rhizomes and roots, bamboo
also plays an important role in the prevention of soil erosion. Scientists at
the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, are working on the extraction of
diesel fuel from the jointed stem of bamboo.
B. Write a paragraph of
about 150 to 250 words on five of the following topics. Look them up if you are
unclear about what they mean. Remember to follow the steps suggested in this
unit for writing paragraphs.
1.
There's no time like the present. 2. Cleanliness is next to godliness. 3.
Actions speak louder than words. 4. Practice makes perfect. 5. Too many cooks
spoil the broth. 6. One man's trash is another man's treasure. 7. The pen is
mightier than the sword. 8. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 9. Necessity
is the mother of invention. 10. Don't judge a book by its cover.
1.
There's No Time Like the Present
Procrastination
is often a major barrier to success. "There's no time like the
present" underscores the importance of acting immediately rather than
delaying. When opportunities arise, seizing them promptly can lead to
significant advantages, while postponing action often results in missed
chances. In personal and professional realms, immediate action can prevent
tasks from piling up and becoming overwhelming. Moreover, addressing issues as
they arise can mitigate potential complications and stress. This mindset
fosters productivity and a proactive attitude, ensuring that goals are met more
efficiently. Ultimately, embracing the present moment encourages decisive
actions that pave the way for success and personal growth.
2.
Cleanliness is Next to Godliness
The
saying "Cleanliness is next to godliness" highlights the significance
of maintaining cleanliness in our lives. Clean surroundings reflect a sense of
discipline and respect for oneself and others. In a clean environment,
individuals are less likely to contract diseases, contributing to overall
well-being. Additionally, cleanliness extends beyond physical spaces to
personal hygiene and mental clarity. A clean home or workspace can enhance
focus and productivity, while personal cleanliness can boost self-esteem and
confidence. Thus, cleanliness is not merely about physical tidiness; it is a
holistic approach to health, respect, and efficiency in all aspects of life.
3.
Actions Speak Louder Than Words
The
adage "Actions speak louder than words" emphasizes that what people
do is more significant than what they say. While words can express intentions,
only actions can demonstrate true commitment and sincerity. In relationships,
for example, showing kindness and support is far more impactful than merely
professing love or friendship. In the professional world, consistent
performance and results weigh more heavily than promises or declarations. This
principle serves as a reminder to focus on tangible actions to validate
intentions and build trust. Ultimately, actions are the true measure of
character and reliability, revealing the essence of one's promises and beliefs.
4.
Practice Makes Perfect
The
phrase "Practice makes perfect" conveys the idea that consistent
practice leads to mastery. Whether learning a musical instrument, playing a
sport, or mastering a new skill, repetition and dedication are key. Through
practice, individuals refine their techniques, correct mistakes, and develop a
deeper understanding of the task at hand. This process of continuous
improvement builds confidence and competence. It also fosters a growth mindset,
where challenges are seen as opportunities to improve rather than obstacles.
Over time, diligent practice not only enhances performance but also ingrains
the habit of perseverance, ultimately leading to excellence and success.
5.
Too many cooks spoil the broth
The
proverb "Too many cooks spoil the broth" succinctly captures the idea
that having too many people involved in a task can lead to inefficiency and
poor results. This saying is particularly relevant in various contexts, such as
business, project management, and even everyday life.
In
a business environment, effective teamwork is crucial. However, when too many
individuals attempt to take charge or offer their input on a single task, it
often leads to confusion, overlapping responsibilities, and conflicting ideas.
For instance, in a project where multiple leaders try to impose their
strategies, the team may struggle to maintain a clear direction. This can
result in delays, miscommunication, and ultimately a subpar outcome. A
streamlined approach, with clearly defined roles and a limited number of
decision-makers, typically leads to better efficiency and quality.
In
summary, while collaboration and input from various sources can be beneficial,
too much involvement can lead to complications and inferior results. The
proverb "Too many cooks spoil the broth" serves as a reminder that
effective leadership and clear roles are crucial for achieving success in any
collective effort.
6.
One man's trash is another man's treasure
The
saying "One man's trash is another man's treasure" highlights the
subjective nature of value and worth. What one person discards as useless or
unimportant may be highly valued by someone else. This proverb is evident in
many aspects of life, from personal preferences and hobbies to economic and
environmental contexts.
In
everyday life, this concept is perhaps most visible in the world of second-hand
goods and recycling. Items that some individuals no longer need, such as old
furniture, clothing, or electronics, often find new life through thrift stores,
garage sales, or online marketplaces. For the original owners, these items
might have outlived their usefulness, but for others, they present
opportunities for bargains, unique finds, or even creative projects. The
thriving second-hand market not only saves money for buyers but also reduces
waste and promotes sustainable living.
In
conclusion, "One man's trash is another man's treasure" aptly
illustrates the subjective nature of value. Whether in personal belongings,
artistic creation, or economic opportunities, what one person deems worthless
may hold great worth for another. Embracing this perspective can lead to more
sustainable practices, creative innovations, and a deeper appreciation for the
diversity of human experience.
7.
The pen is mightier than the sword
The
adage "The pen is mightier than the sword" underscores the power of
words and ideas over brute force. This phrase, attributed to English author
Edward Bulwer-Lytton, suggests that writing, communication, and intellectual
influence can achieve more lasting and significant outcomes than violence or
coercion.
Throughout
history, the transformative power of the written word has been evident.
Philosophers, writers, and activists have used their pens to inspire change and
shape societies. Consider the impact of seminal works such as Thomas Paine's
"Common Sense," which galvanized American colonists towards
independence, or Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which
brought the horrors of slavery to the forefront of public consciousness and
fueled the abolitionist movement. These writings ignited powerful movements,
illustrating that ideas and words can alter the course of history.
In
the realm of politics and governance, the pen has often been a tool for
diplomacy and negotiation, averting conflicts that might have otherwise been
resolved through war. Treaties, declarations, and constitutions are products of
careful thought and negotiation, reflecting the collective will and vision of
societies. The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215, for example, marked a
critical step towards the establishment of constitutional governance, limiting
the powers of the monarchy and laying the foundation for modern democracy.
In
conclusion, "The pen is mightier than the sword" emphasizes the
enduring power of the written word over physical force. History has shown that
ideas, conveyed through writing, can inspire revolutions, foster diplomacy, and
promote social change. In an era where communication and information are more
accessible than ever, the pen's power continues to shape our world in profound
ways.
8.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
The
saying "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" highlights the
subjective nature of beauty, suggesting that what one person finds beautiful
may not be perceived the same way by someone else. This concept underscores the
diversity of human preferences and the importance of individual perception in
defining what is considered beautiful.
In
the realm of art, this subjectivity is particularly evident. Different
cultures, historical periods, and personal tastes have produced a vast array of
artistic expressions, each celebrated for its unique beauty. For example, the
intricate patterns and vibrant colors of African textiles may be deeply admired
by some, while others might prefer the minimalist elegance of Japanese ink
paintings. The diversity of artistic preferences illustrates that beauty cannot
be universally defined but is instead shaped by personal and cultural
experiences.
In
conclusion, "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" emphasizes the
subjective and personal nature of beauty. It recognizes that perceptions of
beauty vary widely among individuals, shaped by cultural, personal, and
emotional factors. This understanding promotes inclusivity, diversity, and
self-acceptance, encouraging a broader appreciation for the myriad expressions
of beauty in the world. By embracing the subjective nature of beauty, we can
foster a more inclusive and compassionate society.
9.
Necessity is the Mother of Invention
"Necessity
is the mother of invention" suggests that urgent needs often drive
creativity and innovation. Throughout history, many significant inventions and
advancements have arisen from the need to solve pressing problems. For
instance, the development of medical technologies, transportation methods, and
communication tools often stemmed from the necessity to improve human life and
efficiency. When resources are scarce or challenges are immense, individuals
and societies are pushed to think outside the box and devise novel solutions.
This principle underscores the adaptive nature of human ingenuity, showing that
when faced with critical needs, creativity flourishes, leading to
groundbreaking inventions and progress.
10.
Don't judge a book by it's cover
The
saying "Don't judge a book by its cover" advises against forming
opinions based solely on outward appearances. This wisdom applies to various
aspects of life, from people to situations and objects. Often, what lies
beneath the surface can be vastly different from initial impressions. For
instance, a person who appears unassuming might possess remarkable talents or a
fascinating personality, while something that looks appealing might lack
substance or value. This phrase encourages us to look deeper, seeking to
understand and appreciate the true nature of things before making judgments. By
reserving our opinions and taking the time to explore what lies within, we
cultivate a more open-minded and fair approach to life. This mindset not only
enriches our interactions but also broadens our perspectives, allowing us to
appreciate diversity and complexity in the world around us.
C. Write a slightly
longer paragraph of 250 to 350 words on each of the following topics. Keep in
mind the steps suggested for paragraph writing. 1.
A street scene in a marketplace,
2.
My favourite season 3. My favourite hobby, 4. Admission time at colleges, 5.
The city by night
1.
A Street Scene in a Marketplace
A
bustling street scene in a marketplace is a vibrant tapestry of colors, sounds,
and activities. As you walk through the narrow, crowded lanes, your senses are
immediately overwhelmed by the myriad of aromas wafting from food stalls,
offering everything from spicy samosas to sweet jalebis. Vendors shout out
their wares, each trying to outdo the other with their energetic pitches,
creating a cacophony of voices that blend into a unique market symphony. The
stalls are a visual feast, displaying an array of goods: fresh fruits and
vegetables, stacks of glittering bangles, brightly colored fabrics, and a
variety of handcrafted items. Shoppers haggle vigorously, the give-and-take
adding to the lively atmosphere. Amidst the crowd, children dart about, their
laughter mingling with the sounds of bargaining and conversation. The market is
not just a place for commerce; it’s a social hub where people from all walks of
life converge. Street performers entertain the crowd with their music and
tricks, adding an element of entertainment to the shopping experience. The air
is thick with the scent of incense and street food, mingling with the
occasional whiff of fresh flowers from the florists’ stalls. As the sun begins
to set, the marketplace transforms under the glow of countless lights, each
stall illuminated to attract the evening crowd. The energy remains high, and
the marketplace continues to buzz with activity late into the night. This
street scene is a microcosm of the city's life, reflecting its diversity,
energy, and spirit.
2.
My Favourite Season
My
favorite season is autumn, a time of year when nature undergoes a breathtaking
transformation. As summer's heat fades, the air turns crisp and refreshing,
providing a much-needed respite. The most striking feature of autumn is the
foliage; leaves change from their lush green to vibrant shades of red, orange,
and yellow, creating a spectacular tapestry of color. Walking through a park or
forest during this season feels like stepping into a painting, with the fallen
leaves crunching underfoot and the trees displaying their fiery crowns. Autumn
also brings a sense of coziness and comfort. It’s the season of harvest
festivals, pumpkin patches, and apple picking. The aroma of spiced apple cider
and freshly baked pies fills the air, evoking a sense of warmth and nostalgia.
The cooler temperatures make it the perfect time to enjoy outdoor activities
like hiking or simply sitting by a bonfire. Evenings are ideal for wrapping up
in a soft blanket with a good book or spending time with family and friends.
There's a gentle slowing down as the year winds to a close, providing an
opportunity for reflection and gratitude. The beauty of the changing landscape,
combined with the pleasant weather and comforting traditions, makes autumn an
enchanting and cherished season for me.
3.
My Favourite Hobby
My
favorite hobby is painting, an activity that allows me to express my creativity
and unwind from the stresses of daily life. Whenever I pick up a brush and
begin to paint, I enter a world where my imagination runs free. The process of
transforming a blank canvas into a work of art is both exhilarating and
therapeutic. I enjoy experimenting with different styles and techniques,
whether it's the bold strokes of abstract art, the delicate details of realism,
or the soothing blends of impressionism. Painting enables me to capture my
emotions, thoughts, and experiences in a visual form. The choice of colors, the
movement of the brush, and the creation of shapes and forms all combine to tell
a story or convey a feeling. This hobby has also taught me patience and
perseverance. Each painting involves layers of work and sometimes multiple
attempts to achieve the desired effect. Moreover, painting is a continuous
learning journey, where each piece offers new lessons and insights. I often
lose track of time when I'm immersed in my artwork, finding a deep sense of
satisfaction and accomplishment in the final product. Additionally, sharing my
paintings with others and seeing their reactions brings me joy and encourages
me to keep honing my craft. Ultimately, painting is more than just a hobby for
me; it is a vital outlet for self-expression and personal growth.
4.
Admission Time at Colleges
Admission
time at colleges is a period marked by a blend of excitement, anxiety, and anticipation
for students and their families. As the academic year draws to a close,
prospective students prepare to embark on a new chapter in their educational
journey. The process typically begins with the submission of applications,
where students present their academic achievements, extracurricular
involvements, and personal essays. This is a time of intense preparation, as
applicants strive to showcase their best selves to the admission committees.
Alongside this, there are entrance exams and interviews that further assess
their capabilities and suitability for the programs they wish to pursue. Once
the application period ends, a tense waiting phase ensues, filled with hope and
uncertainty. The release of admission results brings a mix of joy and disappointment,
with acceptance letters bringing a sense of achievement and relief, while
rejections require resilience and planning for alternative paths. For those
accepted, the next steps involve attending orientations, selecting courses, and
arranging accommodation, each task contributing to the excitement of starting
college life. Parents and guardians also experience a range of emotions, from
pride in their children's accomplishments to concern about their transition to
independent living. The college admission period is not just about academic
placement; it signifies a major life transition, setting the stage for personal
growth, new experiences, and future opportunities.
5.
The City by Night
The
city by night is a captivating scene that transforms the familiar into the
extraordinary. As dusk falls, the cityscape begins to glitter with countless
lights, each building, street, and landmark illuminated in a dazzling display.
The hum of daytime activities fades, replaced by a different kind of energy.
Skyscrapers stand as sentinels against the night sky, their windows aglow,
reflecting the hustle and bustle within. Streets that were crowded with the
rush of the day now pulse with a steady flow of traffic, their taillights
creating streams of red against the dark asphalt. Pedestrians move at a more
leisurely pace, enjoying the cooler temperatures and the vibrant nightlife.
Street vendors and food trucks offer enticing aromas, drawing people in for late-night
snacks. In popular districts, the nightlife comes alive with the sounds of
music and laughter emanating from bars, clubs, and restaurants, each venue
contributing to the city's nocturnal symphony. Parks and public spaces offer a
quieter respite, where the soft glow of lampposts casts long shadows, and the
sounds of the city feel distant and subdued. The contrast between the bright
lights and the darkened sky highlights the architectural beauty and grandeur of
urban structures, often overlooked during the day. The city by night reveals a
different character, one that is dynamic, mysterious, and endlessly
fascinating, inviting both residents and visitors to explore and experience its
unique allure.
Exercise
1. Write an essay on the benefits of
meditation.
In
today's fast-paced world, finding moments of peace and tranquility can be a
challenge. Meditation, an ancient practice rooted in mindfulness and
self-awareness, offers a powerful solution to this modern-day problem. Over the
years, numerous studies have highlighted the myriad benefits of meditation,
making it an essential practice for mental, emotional, and physical well-being.
One
of the most significant benefits of meditation is its ability to reduce stress.
The practice encourages relaxation and promotes a state of calm by focusing on
the present moment. This mindfulness can help individuals manage stress more
effectively, reducing the levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, in the body.
By incorporating meditation into daily routines, individuals can experience a
profound sense of peace and clarity, which can lead to improved overall health.
Meditation
also enhances emotional well-being. Regular practitioners often report an
increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative ones. Meditation helps
in developing a deeper understanding of oneself and one’s emotions, fostering a
greater sense of self-awareness. This heightened awareness allows individuals
to respond to situations more thoughtfully rather than reacting impulsively,
leading to better emotional regulation.
In
conclusion, the benefits of meditation extend across various aspects of life,
from mental and emotional health to physical well-being and interpersonal
relationships. By dedicating a few minutes each day to this practice,
individuals can experience profound and lasting positive changes. As the
practice of meditation continues to gain popularity, its benefits become
increasingly recognized, making it a valuable tool for enhancing overall
quality of life.
2. Write an essay on the
following topic: "The Dignity of Labour."
Labour,
in all its forms, is the backbone of society. Whether it is the work of a
farmer in the field, a teacher in the classroom, or a doctor in the hospital,
each form of labour contributes to the functioning and development of our
communities. The concept of the dignity of labour emphasizes that all types of
work, whether manual or intellectual, deserve respect and recognition. It is a
principle that underpins the value of hard work and the respect due to every
individual for their contribution to society.
The
dignity of labour challenges the notion that some jobs are more respectable
than others. It posits that every job, regardless of its nature, is essential
and valuable. For instance, the work of a sanitation worker is as crucial as
that of a lawyer. Without the former, public health would be at risk, and
without the latter, justice could not be served. Recognizing the dignity of all
forms of labour fosters a sense of equality and mutual respect among
individuals, regardless of their occupation.
In
conclusion, the dignity of labour is a cornerstone of a just and equitable
society. It recognizes the intrinsic value of all forms of work and the
importance of respecting and valuing every individual's contribution. By
upholding the dignity of labour, we foster a culture of respect, equality, and
mutual support that benefits everyone. This principle not only enhances
individual fulfillment but also strengthens the social and economic fabric of
our communities.
3. Here is the last
paragraph of an essay. Supply the preceding paragraphs.
‘At the end of the day,
everyone was tired. But the day had been full of excitement. At one time, we
had given up all hope of getting back home. And now, here we were, safe in our
homes, warm and comfortable in our beds. Was it true or was it a dream?’
The
day had started like any other with clear skies and a cool breeze that promised
a pleasant outing. My friends and I decided to take advantage of the beautiful
weather and go on a hiking trip to the nearby hills. We packed our bags with
snacks, water, and a first-aid kit, and set off with excitement and
anticipation. Little did we know that the day would unfold in ways we never
expected.
As
we began our hike, the trail was easy and well-marked. We chatted and laughed,
enjoying the scenic beauty and the fresh air. However, as we ventured deeper
into the hills, the path became narrower and less defined. Soon, we found
ourselves in the midst of a dense forest. The sounds of chirping birds and
rustling leaves created an enchanting atmosphere, but our growing concern about
losing the trail cast a shadow over our spirits.
After
a few hours, we realized we were lost. Panic started to set in as we tried to
retrace our steps, only to find ourselves deeper in the wilderness. Our water
supplies were dwindling, and the sun was beginning to set. We knew we had to
find our way back before darkness fell. We decided to stick together and use
the compass on one of our phones to navigate. However, the thick canopy
overhead made it difficult to get a clear signal.
As
the day turned into night, we faced the chilling reality that we might have to
spend the night in the forest. We huddled together, trying to keep our spirits
up by sharing stories and jokes. Every rustle in the bushes and every distant
animal call heightened our anxiety. Just when we were on the verge of giving up
hope, we saw a faint light in the distance. Gathering our remaining energy, we
moved towards it, praying it was a sign of civilization.
At
the end of the day, everyone was tired. But the day had been full of
excitement. At one time, we had given up all hope of getting back home. And
now, here we were, safe in our homes, warm and comfortable in our beds. Was it
true or was it a dream?
4. Write an essay
describing an eventful cricket or football match. (An exciting finish, a high
scoring of runs or goals, a hat-trick or the behaviour of Spector’s can all
make a match interesting. Choose any of these or use an idea of your own.)
Cricket,
often referred to as a gentleman’s game, has the power to bring people together
in a shared experience of excitement and suspense. One such eventful match that
remains etched in my memory is the final of the inter-school cricket tournament
held last summer. The match, played between our school team and our long-time
rivals, was nothing short of a rollercoaster of emotions.
The
day of the match was bright and sunny, perfect for a game of cricket. Our team
had practiced rigorously for weeks, and we were determined to bring the trophy
home. The stands were filled with enthusiastic supporters from both schools,
their cheers and chants creating an electrifying atmosphere. The coin toss
favored our team, and we decided to bat first, hoping to set a challenging
target for the opposition.
Our
opening batsmen started cautiously, carefully building the innings. The first
few overs were slow, with the rival bowlers maintaining tight lines. However,
as the game progressed, our batsmen found their rhythm. Boundaries began to
flow, and the scoreboard started ticking faster. The highlight of our innings
was a spectacular century by our captain, who played with remarkable skill and
composure. His innings was a mix of elegant strokes and powerful hits, keeping
the crowd on its feet.
As
we approached the final overs, our team managed to post a formidable total of
280 runs. The break between innings was filled with a mix of nervous energy and
cautious optimism. We knew our score was competitive, but the game was far from
over.
When
the opposition came to bat, our bowlers were initially able to keep them in
check.
5. On returning home
after a weekend picnic, you find that there has been a burglary in your house.
Write an essay to describe the event.
After
an enjoyable weekend picnic with family and friends, we returned home with
smiles on our faces and hearts full of pleasant memories. Little did we know
that an unpleasant surprise awaited us. As we pulled into the driveway,
something seemed amiss. The front door, usually secure and locked, was slightly
ajar. A sense of foreboding crept over me as we cautiously approached the
house.
Entering
the living room, the scene of disarray confirmed our worst fears. Drawers were
pulled out, their contents strewn across the floor, and valuable items were
missing from their usual places. It was clear that a burglary had taken place.
The feeling of violation was overwhelming; our sanctuary had been invaded by
unknown intruders.
The
first thing I did was to ensure that everyone remained calm and safe. I
instructed my family to stay outside while I quickly checked the rest of the
house. The kitchen and bedrooms were also ransacked, with broken locks and
scattered belongings indicating a thorough search by the burglars. It was
evident that they were looking for valuables, as the contents of jewelry boxes
and cupboards were haphazardly tossed around.
After
ensuring that the house was empty and safe, we contacted the police to report
the burglary. The officers arrived promptly and began their investigation,
taking photographs and gathering evidence. They reassured us that they would do
everything possible to catch the culprits and recover our stolen possessions.
Despite their assurances, the sense of insecurity lingered.
As
we began the arduous task of documenting the missing items for the police
report, the emotional impact of the burglary hit us hard. Precious family
heirlooms, irreplaceable with any amount of money, were gone. The sense of loss
was profound, not just for the material possessions but for the peace and
security that had been shattered.
In
the days that followed, we took steps to enhance the security of our home,
installing better locks, an alarm system, and security cameras. While these
measures provided some reassurance, the experience left a lasting mark. The
incident reminded us of the importance of vigilance and the need to protect our
home.
The
burglary was a traumatic event, but it also brought our family closer together.
We found solace in each other’s support and comfort. While the physical losses
were significant, the emotional resilience we developed as a family was
invaluable. In the end, we learned to appreciate the intangible aspects of our
lives—love, safety, and the bond we shared.
6. Imagine that a man
from Mars has arrived in a big city. He observes life there and believes that
the cars and motorbikes on its roads are living creatures. Write a description
of the city streets as seen by the Martian.
As
a Martian newly arrived on Earth, the bustling metropolis below fascinated me.
From my vantage point, the city streets teemed with vibrant activity, unlike
anything I had ever encountered on Mars. Intriguingly, the inhabitants of this
world appeared to share their space with a myriad of metallic creatures that
moved with purpose and urgency along the paved pathways.
These
creatures, both large and small, roamed the streets in an intricate dance,
guided by strange glowing signals suspended above the roadways. The larger
beings, which the Earthlings called “cars,” varied in color and shape, each one
emitting a distinct roar from its underbelly as it accelerated. Smaller,
sleeker creatures, known as “motorbikes,” weaved through the traffic with
agility and speed, their high-pitched whines echoing off the buildings.
To
my Martian eyes, these creatures seemed alive, displaying behaviors akin to the
fauna on my home planet. They paused obediently at the red signals, then surged
forward in unison when the lights turned green, as if responding to an
invisible conductor orchestrating their movements. The cars communicated with
each other through blinks of light and rhythmic honks, signaling their
intentions and navigating the complex urban terrain.
Observing
their interactions, I noticed that these mechanical beings required sustenance,
much like living organisms. They frequently visited designated feeding
stations, where they were replenished with a liquid sustenance known as “fuel.”
This process seemed vital for their continued operation, as they would remain
motionless without it, akin to a dormant creature awaiting nourishment.
The
streets themselves were a symphony of motion and sound. The ceaseless hum of
engines combined with the chatter of Earthlings created a dynamic,
ever-changing environment. Sidewalks lined with humans complemented the
constant flow of vehicular traffic, contributing to the city’s vibrant
atmosphere.
Intrigued
by the symbiotic relationship between humans and these metallic creatures, I
marveled at the coordination required to maintain such harmony. Earthlings
entered and exited the creatures' bodies, using them as vessels to traverse the
city. This partnership appeared mutually beneficial, with humans providing
direction and the creatures offering mobility
As
I continued my observations, I couldn’t help but admire the ingenuity of
Earth’s inhabitants in creating such a sophisticated network of life and
technology. The city streets, with their bustling activity and intricate
interactions, painted a vivid picture of a world where humans and their
mechanical companions coexisted in a complex dance of progress and innovation.
7. Write an essay
expressing your stand on the question ‘Should journalists be allowed to write
about the private life of celebrities?
The
question of whether journalists should be allowed to write about the private
lives of celebrities is a contentious one, touching on issues of privacy,
public interest, and freedom of the press. While the media plays a crucial role
in Informing the public, it is essential to balance this duty with respect for
individual privacy, especially when it comes to the lives of public figures.
Celebrities,
by virtue of their fame, often find their personal lives under intense
scrutiny. While it is true that their actions can influence public behavior and
societal norms, there is a distinct line between public interest and intrusive
gossip. The argument in favor of reporting on their private lives hinges on the
notion that celebrities are public property and that their actions, both
professional and personal, are of legitimate interest to the public. However,
this perspective overlooks the fundamental right to privacy that every
individual, regardless of their public status, is entitled to.
Firstly,
constant media intrusion into celebrities’ private lives can have detrimental
effects on their mental and emotional well-being. The pressure of being under a
perpetual spotlight can lead to stress, anxiety, and other mental health
issues. Celebrities, like all individuals, deserve a space where they can live
without the fear of being watched and judged for every action they take in
their private moments.
In
conclusion, while celebrities, by nature of their public roles, can expect a
certain level of public interest in their lives, journalists must exercise
restraint and respect for privacy. The ethics of journalism demand that the
focus remains on issues of real significance rather than sensationalist
content. Upholding the right to privacy ensures that celebrities are treated
with the same dignity and respect as any other individual, fostering a more
respectful and responsible media environment.
8. Is there a necessity
for a dress code in college? Write a 350-word essay advocating your view on
this issue.
The
debate over the necessity of a dress code in colleges has long been a
contentious issue. Advocates argue that a dress code promotes discipline,
equality, and a sense of community, while opponents view it as an infringement
on personal freedom and expression. However, implementing a dress code in
college settings can have several significant benefits that outweigh the
concerns.
Firstly,
a dress code fosters a sense of professionalism and prepares students for the
expectations of the professional world. Colleges serve as a bridge between
education and the workforce, and instilling a sense of appropriate attire can
help students transition smoothly into their careers. Adhering to a dress code
can cultivate habits of neatness and presentability, qualities that are highly
valued in most professional environments.
Secondly,
dress codes can contribute to creating a focused and conducive learning
environment. When students dress in a manner that is respectful and appropriate
for an academic setting, it can minimize distractions and help maintain a sense
of decorum. This can enhance the overall atmosphere of the college, promoting a
serious and dedicated approach to education.
Additionally,
dress codes can enhance the safety and security of the college campus. By
establishing guidelines on appropriate attire, colleges can prevent the wearing
of clothing that may be deemed offensive, provocative, or gang-related. This
can help in maintaining a respectful and safe environment for all students.
9. Write an essay on the
topic "The problem of city slums and possible humane solutions.
City
slums are a significant issue in urban areas around the world. These densely
populated settlements are often characterized by inadequate housing, poor
sanitation, and lack of access to basic services. The problem of slums is
multifaceted, involving economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
Addressing this issue requires comprehensive and humane solutions that consider
the needs and rights of slum dwellers.
Main Points
I. Causes of Slums :
A.
Rural-Urban Migration: 1.
Search for better opportunities, 2.
Lack of infrastructure in rural areas
B.
Economic Disparities : 1.
High cost of living in cities , 2.
Limited access to affordable housing
C.
Urban Planning Failures : 1.
Inadequate planning for population growth,
2. Lack of investment in public infrastructure
II. Problems Faced by Slum Dwellers
A.
Poor Living Conditions : 1.
Overcrowded housing , 2. Inadequate
access to clean water and sanitation
B.
Health Issues : 1. High
prevalence of diseases, 2. Limited
access to healthcare services
C.
Social Challenges : 1. High
crime rates, 2. Lack of educational
opportunities
III. Humane Solutions
A.
Improving Housing Conditions
: 1. Affordable housing
projects, 2. Upgrading existing
slums
B.
Enhancing Basic Services :
1. Access to clean water and sanitation, 2. Improved healthcare facilities
C.
Promoting Economic Opportunities:
1. Job creation programs , 2.
Skills training and education
D.
Community Involvement : 1. Participatory planning, 2. Empowering local leaders
IV. Case Studies and Successful Models
A.
Example from Mumbai, India:
1. Slum rehabilitation projects,
2. Public-private partnerships
B.
Example from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil : 1. Favela upgrading initiatives, 2. Community policing and social
services
Conclusion
The
problem of city slums is complex and deeply rooted in broader socio-economic
issues. However, through targeted and humane solutions, it is possible to
significantly improve the living conditions of slum dwellers. Addressing the
issue requires a collaborative effort involving government, non-governmental
organizations, and the communities themselves. By focusing on affordable
housing, basic services, economic opportunities, and community involvement, we
can work towards a future where everyone has access to a dignified standard of
living.
10.
Write an essay of about 400-500 words on the issue of women's empowerment.
Women's
empowerment is a crucial aspect of achieving gender equality and fostering
social and economic development. It involves the process of enabling women to
have control over their lives, make informed decisions, and participate fully
in all spheres of society. Despite significant progress in recent decades,
women around the world still face numerous challenges, including
discrimination, violence, and limited access to education and economic
opportunities. Addressing these issues is essential for building a just and
equitable society.
One
of the fundamental aspects of women's empowerment is education. Education is a
powerful tool that can break the cycle of poverty and open doors to better
opportunities. When girls are educated, they are more likely to become
economically independent, make informed health choices, and contribute to their
communities.
Economic
empowerment is another critical component. Women should have the opportunity to
participate in the workforce, start businesses, and access financial resources.
Economic independence gives women the ability to support themselves and their
families, and it contributes to the overall economic development of their
communities. Initiatives such as microfinance programs, vocational training,
and support for women entrepreneurs can help women achieve economic
empowerment. Empowering women requires creating an environment where they feel
safe, respected, and valued.
Political
empowerment is another area where progress is needed. Women should have equal
representation in political decision-making processes at all levels, from local
councils to national governments. Political participation enables women to
influence policies and decisions that affect their lives and communities.
Quotas and other measures to increase women's representation in politics can
help achieve this goal.
Women's
empowerment also involves promoting women's health and well-being. Empowering
women is not just a moral imperative; it is also a strategic investment in the
future of our communities and our world.
11. Write an essay on the impact of mobile
phones on the lives of young people in the present day. You could highlight the
uses and abuses of mobile phone technology.
In
today's digital age, mobile phones have become an integral part of daily life,
particularly for young people. The ubiquitous presence of smartphones has
transformed how young people communicate, learn, and entertain themselves.
While mobile phones offer numerous benefits, they also pose several challenges
that need to be addressed to ensure the well-being of the younger generation.
One
of the most significant benefits of mobile phones is their ability to
facilitate communication. Smartphones enable young people to stay connected
with family and friends through calls, text messages, and social media
platforms. This constant connectivity can strengthen relationships and provide
a sense of belonging and support. Additionally, mobile phones offer access to a
wealth of information and educational resources. With the internet at their
fingertips, young people can research topics of interest, access online
courses, and enhance their learning experiences.
Mobile
phones also provide numerous entertainment options. From music and video
streaming to gaming and social media, smartphones offer a diverse range of
activities that can help young people relax and unwind. These entertainment
options can be particularly beneficial during stressful times, providing an
outlet for creativity and self-expression.
However,
the widespread use of mobile phones among young people also raises concerns
about their potential negative impacts. One of the primary issues is the risk
of addiction. The constant notifications and the lure of social media can lead
to excessive screen time, which can interfere with daily activities, such as
studying, exercising, and spending time with family. Overuse of mobile phones
can also disrupt sleep patterns, leading to fatigue and decreased academic
performance.
In
conclusion, mobile phones have a profound impact on the lives of young people,
offering both benefits and challenges. While smartphones facilitate
communication, learning, and entertainment, they also pose risks related to
addiction, mental health, privacy, and security. By promoting responsible use
and providing education and support, we can help young people harness the
benefits of mobile phone technology while minimizing its potential negative
impacts.
12. Write an essay of
about 450 words on Advertisements and their effects on society.
Advertisements
are a ubiquitous presence in modern society, shaping our perceptions,
influencing our choices, and driving consumer behavior. They are a powerful
tool for businesses to promote their products and services, but their impact
extends beyond the marketplace. Advertisements play a significant role in
shaping cultural norms, values, and lifestyles, often with both positive and
negative consequences.
One
of the primary functions of advertisements is to inform consumers about new
products and services. Through creative and persuasive messaging,
advertisements introduce us to innovations and advancements, helping us make
informed purchasing decisions. This can lead to improved quality of life as we
gain access to better products and services that meet our needs and desires.
Advertisements
also contribute to economic growth by stimulating demand and driving sales. By
encouraging consumption, they help create jobs and generate revenue for
businesses. This, in turn, supports economic development and contributes to
overall prosperity.
3. Homonyms, Homophones/ Commonly misspelt
words
Homonyms:
The word “homonym” comes from the prefix “homo”, meaning “the same”, and the
suffix “-nym,” means “the name”. Hence, Homonyms are words that sound alike and
have different meanings. They either sound the same or are spelt the same, but
their meanings are different. Two or more words with the same spellings
but different pronunciation and meaning are called heteronyms.
Homophones:
Homophones sound the same but have
different meanings and have different spellings too.
Exercises
A. Each
set of sentences in Column X has homonyms. Match every sentence of each set in
Column X with the corresponding meaning in Column Y of the homonym in the
sentence.
|
X |
Y |
|
Set A |
|
|
1. You mustn't
always bank on him. |
c. Rely on |
|
2. She withdrew
money from the bank. |
a. Financial
institution |
|
3. I sat on the
bank and watched boats sail by. |
b. Sloping land beside a water body |
|
Set B |
|
|
1. He was
fair-skinned. |
d. Lightly
coloured |
|
2. It wasn't a
fair deal. |
c. Free from bias
or deception |
|
3. We visited the
fair. |
a. Travelling
show or exhibition. |
|
4. Her
performance was fair. |
b. Slightly above
average quality |
|
Set C |
|
|
1. It will suit
my needs. |
c. Be acceptable
to |
|
2. I wore my best
suit. |
a. Set of
garments |
|
3. I brought a
suit against him. |
b. Legal
proceedings |
|
Set D |
|
|
1. The map was
not to scale. |
c. Standard of
reference |
|
2. The thief
could easily scale the wall. |
a. Get on top of |
|
3. The puctions
steed on the scale. |
d.Weighing
instrument |
|
4. They were
ranikud zen a scale of 10. |
b. Ratio between
actual size and its image |
|
Set E |
|
|
1. We need
someone to load the team. |
c. Be in charge
of |
|
2. The police are
following a lead |
b. Clue pointing
to possible solution |
|
3. She lost her
lead in the final round. |
a. Advantage held
by a competitor |
B. Fill in
the blanks in each set of sentences with a single homonym.
For example: A snake …. him; Add a ….of salt. Answer:
bit
1. She wrote a new…. The children went to…. in the
park. Answer. play
2.1 was asked to ….a few lines of verse ; The sheep
are not in their She uses a brush for calligraphy. Answer: pen
3. The ….tree is found in temperate regions; Let's …
up the house before the guests arrive. Answer:
spruce
4. We didn't
realise the …of the pandemic; The
symphony is in the ….of C major;
You need to …. the fish before cooking it. Answer: process
5. ….out for fraudulent calls and e-mails ; She got me
an expensive for my birthday. Answer:
watch
Exercises
A. For
each set, match both sentences in Column X with the corresponding meaning in
Column Y of the homograph in the sentence.
|
X |
Y |
|
Set A |
|
|
1. The mayor will
present the award. 2. She gave me a
present for Diwali, |
b. To give,
especially an award a. something
given as a gift |
|
Set B |
|
|
1. You missed the
train by a minute |
b. Unit of time |
|
2. The chances of
success are minute, |
a . immeasurably
small |
|
Set C |
|
|
|
|
|
1. Watched the match
live. 2. I live in
Hyderabad. |
b.Broadcast
transmitted at the time of To inhabit |
|
Set D |
|
|
1. She did not bow
before the queen. |
a.To lower one’s
head in respect. |
|
2. The archer picked
up his bow. |
Weapon for
shooting arrows |
|
Set E |
|
|
1. Pick up the
object. |
b. A material
thing. |
|
2. I did not object
to her demand. |
a . To express
disapproval or disagreement. |
|
Set F |
|
|
1. JiShe did not
shed a single tear. |
b. Liquid
produced by the eye when one cries. |
|
2. Do not tear the
paper. |
a. To separate by
force |
|
Set G |
|
|
1. The pipe was made
of lead. |
a. A type of
metal |
|
2. This will lead to
success. |
b. Result in |
|
Set H |
|
|
1. My wound has not
yet healed. |
a. Injury |
|
2. I wound the tape.
|
b. To arrange or
coil around. |
Exercises
A. Fill
in the blanks with the correct homophones from the options given in the box:
road, rode; to, two, too; principal, principle; banned, band; board, bored;
their, there, they’re.
1.
I
am bored of board games.
2.
She
rode her bike down the road.
3.
Our
principal is a lady of great principle.
4.
They’re
in their garden over there.
5.
Did
you buy two tickets to the show, too?
6.
Arjun’s
band was banned from playing in the school.
B. Fill in
the blanks with the correct homophone from the options given in the brackets.
1.
I
bought a of pair gloves. (pare,
pair, pear)
2.
The
king’s reign did not last very long.
(rein, rain, reign)
3.
If
you park here, the police will tow
your car away. (tow, toe)
4.
The
lioness picked up the scent of her
prey. (sent, scent, cent)
5.
She
wanted to wear her favourite outfit.
(wear, ware)
C. Show
the difference between the words in the given sets of homophones by using them
in sentences of your own.
1. Aisle, Isle
- She walked
down the aisle to take her seat in the theater.
- They spent
their vacation on a remote isle in the Caribbean.
2. Pane, Pain
- A bird flew
into the window pane and startled everyone inside.
- He felt a
sharp pain in his knee after the fall.
3. Four, Fore
- They
ordered four pizzas for the party.
- The golfer
shouted " Fore !" to warn others of the incoming ball.
4. Sell, Cell
- She decided
to sell her old car.
- The
prisoner was confined to his cell for most of the day.
5. Break, Brake
- Be careful
not to break that vase; it's very fragile.
- He had to
slam on the brake to avoid hitting the deer.
6. Heal, Heel
- The doctor
assured him that his wound would heal in a few weeks.
- She wore
high heel shoes to the formal event.
7. Paws, Pause
- The cat
licked its paws clean.
- Let's pause the
movie for a moment so we can get some snacks.
8. Past, Passed
- In the past , people used to write letters instead of
emails.
- We passed the
library on our way to the park.
Sure, let's dive into each pair of commonly confused
words and provide sentences to illustrate their differences.
Exercises
A. Here
are some words that are commonly confused. Explain the difference between the
words in each pair. Write sentences that demonstrate the meaning of each word
(OR, for each pair, write a sentence that makes sense and use both words).
1. affect x effect
- Affect (verb): To influence something.
- Effect (noun): The result or outcome of a change.
- Sentences : The new law will affect many
small businesses. The effect of the new law on small businesses has been
significant.
2. altar x alter
- Altar (noun): A table or platform used in religious
ceremonies.
- Alter (verb): To change something.
- Sentences : The couple exchanged their vows at the altar . They decided to alter the
wedding dress to fit better.
3. brake x break
- Brake (noun): A device for slowing or stopping a
vehicle.
- Break (verb): To separate into pieces or cause
something to stop working.
- Sentences : The car's brake system
needs to be checked. Be careful not to break
that glass vase.
4. storey x story
- Storey (noun): A level of a building.
- Story (noun): A narrative or tale.
- Sentences : Their apartment is on the fifth storey of the
building. She wrote a compelling story about her childhood.
5. object x abject
- Object (noun): A thing that can be seen or touched.
- Abject (adjective): Extremely bad, unpleasant, and
degrading.
- Sentences : The museum displayed an ancient object . They lived in abject poverty for many years.
B.
Additional Commonly Confused Words
1. exalt x exult
- Exalt (verb): To praise or raise someone in rank or
status.
- Exult (verb): To feel or show triumphant elation or
jubilation.
- Explanation : Exalt means to glorify or elevate, while
exult means to feel great joy or excitement.
2. historic x historical
- Historic (adjective): Significant or important in
history.
- Historical (adjective): Related to history or past
events.
- Explanation : Historic refers to something that is
significant in history, while historical pertains to anything related to
history.
3. accept x except
- Accept (verb): To receive or agree to.
- Except (preposition/conjunction): Excluding or apart
from.
- Explanation : Accept means to receive something
willingly, while except means to exclude something.
4. amoral x immoral
- Amoral (adjective): Lacking a sense of right and
wrong.
- Immoral (adjective): Not conforming to accepted
standards of morality.
- Explanation : Amoral refers to a lack of moral sense,
while immoral means actively going against moral norms.
5. desert x dessert
- Desert (noun): A dry, barren area of land.
- Dessert (noun): A sweet course eaten at the end of a
meal.
- Explanation : Desert is a dry, sandy region, while
dessert is a sweet treat after a meal.
6. complement x compliment
- Complement (noun/verb): Something that completes or goes
well with something else.
- Compliment (noun/verb): A polite expression of praise or
admiration.
- Explanation : Complement means to complete or enhance,
while compliment means to praise.
7. elicit x illicit
- Elicit (verb): To draw out a response or reaction.
- Illicit (adjective): Forbidden by law, rules, or
custom.
- Explanation : Elicit means to bring out a reaction, while
illicit refers to something illegal or forbidden.
8. principle x principal
- Principle (noun): A fundamental truth or proposition.
- Principal (noun): The head of a school or an
organization; (adjective) most important.
- Explanation : Principle is a fundamental truth or law,
while principal refers to the leader of a school or something of primary
importance.
9. palate x palette
- Palate (noun): The roof of the mouth; a person's
sense of taste.
- Palette (noun): A board on which an artist mixes
paints.
- Explanation : Palate refers to taste or the roof of the
mouth, while palette is an artist’s mixing board.
10. practice x practise
- Practice (noun): The act of doing something repeatedly
to improve.
- Practise (verb): To do something repeatedly to improve
(mainly used in British English).
- Explanation : Practice is the noun form, while practise
is the verb form in British English (in American English, both noun and verb
are spelled practice).
C. Complete the
sentences with an appropriate word chosen from the two in brackets.
1. That evening the storm rolled in and there was
plenty of thunder and lightning. (lightning,
lightening.
2. We were taken round the company's premises. (premises, premise)
3. Have you seen the new stationery shop?
(stationary, stationery)
4. The student was given a fee waiver. (waver, waiver)
5. Let us proceed to the
auditorium. (proceed, precede)
D . Here
are some more English words that are commonly misspelt. Correct the spellings
and then prepare another list of commonly misspelt English words of your own.
1. achieve
2. commitment
3. commissioner
4. dependence
5. privilege
6. embarrass
7. grammar
8. millennium
9. Wednesday
10. hypocrisy
List
of Commonly Misspelled English Words:
1. accommodate
2. noticeable
3. occurrence
4. separate
5. recommend
6. pronunciation
7. indispensable
8. definitely
9. mischievous
10. maintenance
4. Idioms and Phrases/ Phrasal verbs
Idiom: Idioms are a
collection of words or phrases which have a figurative meaning that is
generally well established and known. So these words can’t be
taken at their literal meanings since they would sound farcical. Idioms, at times, seem grammatically unusual as well.
Phrase: A phrase is a
small group of words that are like a unit. These units are a part of a
bigger sentence or a clause. Phrases are unlike idioms, they
are actually direct and to the point. They do not figurative meanings; the
expression means what the words indicate.
Exercises
A.
Match
the idioms in column X with their meanings in the column Y.
|
X |
Y |
|
1. Run like
clockwork |
a .Cause someone
to be upset or annoyed |
|
2. A storm in a
teacup |
b .Be extremely happy |
|
3. Not see the wood
for the trees |
c . Feel bored,
with nothing to do |
|
4. Have a soft spot
for somebody |
d . A lot of fuss over nothing |
|
5. Be over the moon |
e .Most advanced or modern |
|
6. Be twiddling your
thumbs |
f . Go smoothly |
|
7. State-of-the-art |
g . Be fond of
somebody |
|
8. Ruffle someone’s feathers |
h . Too much detail preventing you from
seeing the larger picture/context |
Answers : 1. f
, 2. d , 3. h, 4. g, 5. b , 6. c, 7. e,
8. a
B. Rewrite
the sentences below, replacing the words in italics with an appropriate idiom
chosen from those in brackets.
1.
This
job is the type of thing you are
interested in. (right up your street/out
of this world/to your heart’s content)
2.
I
did something wrong. I want to admit it.
(make the best of a bad job/make it up/make
a clean breast of it)
3.
Sophia
said something embarrassing at the
meeting. (talked at cross-purposes/put
her foot in her mouth/took the bull by the horns)
4.
The
problem got out of control. (got out of hand/got off to a flying
start/got off on the wrong foot)
5.
Smita
stayed calm when she found her boat
sinking. (lost her head/kept her head above water/kept her head)
6.
It
was to be Jai’s first stage performance, but minutes before the show he became afraid about doing it. (came up against
a brick wall/got cold feet/took it
to heart)
Exercises
A. Fill
in the blanks in the sentences below with suitable phrasal verbs chosen from
those in brackets.
1.
The
boy felt …..when none of his friends went to watch him play. (let up/let down/let in)
2.
She
had no appetite and …. the food on her plate. (picked at/picked on/ picked up)
3.
The
children ….very well with each other. (get through/get on/get by)
4.
Nishi
is …..a bad time in office. (going
through/going about/going into)
5.
He
has ….. a wonderful idea for the picnic. (come into/come by/come up with)
6.
The
people …..bravely during the famine. (carried out/carried on/carried away)
7.
I
must …..my cupboards. (clear off/clear away/clear out)
8.
The
doctor advised me to ….on sugar. (cut
down/cut up/cut off)
9.
Please
…..the form neatly. (fill in/ fill up)
10.
The
village….. (brought out/brought back/brought
up) memories of happy childhood days.
B .Rewrite
the sentences below using phrasal verbs that have the words in brackets.
1.
Shameem
felt he was far away from his home and family. (cut)
2.
I
want to make the room more attractive by using colours. (brighten)
3.
The
audience was bored because the programme went on for too long. (drag)
4.
The
tablet will stop your blood sugar level from increasing. (keep)
5.
You
mustn’t stop going to the guitar class just because you find it difficult.
(give)
6.
Basheer
has accepted the responsibility of getting the invitation cards printed. (take)
7.
I
feel like vomiting. (throw)
8.
Put
a line through all the rough work in your answer sheets. (cross)
9.
Sabina
submitted her project report on time. (hand)
10.
They
paid the hotel bill and left an hour ago. (check)
Answers
1.
Shameem
felt he was cut off from his home and family.
2.
I
want to brighten up the room up by using colours.
3.
The
audience was bored because the programme dragged on for too
4.
The
tablet will keep down your blood sugar level from increasing.
5.
You
mustn’t give up going to the guitar class just because you find it difficult.
6.
Basheer
has taken up the responsibility of getting the invitation cards printed.
7.
I
feel like throwing up.
8.
Put
a line across all the rough work in your answer sheets.
9.
Sabina
handed her project report on time.
10.
They
paid the hotel bill and checked out an hour ago.
5 . Spellings and Sound
Patterns in English
& One Word
Substitution
Exercises
A. In the
following pairs of words, tick those that are pronounced alike.
1. sail - sale ✔
2. quite -
quiet ✘ 3. rain - reign ✔ 4.
weather - whether ✔ 5. tap - tape ✘ 6.
coat - quote ✘ 7. bough - bow (as in 'bow your
head in prayer') ✘ 8. son - sun ✔ 9.
trail - trial ✘ 10. heard - herd ✔
B. Read
the following words and look up their pronunciation in a dictionary. Write down
the number of letters and sounds each word has, following the given example.
Shelf , Number of letters: 5, Number of sounds:4
1. curry : - Number of letters: 5, - Number of sounds: 4
2. sign : - Number of letters: 4 , - Number of sounds: 3
3. box : - Number of letters: 3 , - Number of sounds: 4
4. common : - Number of letters: 6 , - Number of sounds: 5
5. life : - Number of letters: 4 , - Number of sounds: 3
6. pretty : -
Number of letters: 6 , -
Number of sounds: 5
7. taxi : -
Number of letters: 4 , - Number of
sounds: 5
8. bead : -
Number of letters: 4 , -
Number of sounds: 3
9. quick : -
Number of letters: 5 , - Number of sounds: 4
10. wrong : - Number of letters: 5, - Number of sounds: 4
11. kitchen - Number of letters: 7 , - Number of sounds: 6
12. college - Number of letters: 7 , -
Number of sounds: 5
13. friend
- Number of letters: 6 - Number of sounds: 5
14. funny
- Number of letters: 5 , -
Number of sounds: 4
15. bridge
- Number of letters: 6 - Number of sounds: 4
16. relationship
- Number of letters: 12 -
Number of sounds: 11
C. Fill in
the Blank after each word another word that is pronounced the same.
1. write – right , 2. break – brake , 3. might – mite
, 4. team – teem , 5. so – sew ,6. bear – bare , 7. tail – tale , 8. cast –
caste , 9. sight – site , 10. roll – role
D. Underline Letter or Letters in the words
in each set that representing the Same Sound.
1.
mason, tailor, capable,
eight, toothpaste, shady, stale
2. mother, thus, that, they, further
3. leaf, keep, tea, meal,
tease, Jesus, sheet, piece
4. thing, conquer, rung, banker,
fling, stronger, sting
5. laugh, draft, staff, bark,
sharp, master start
E. Write
down five words that have the first sound in the word ‘quake
1. Queen , 2. Quick , 3. Quest , 4. Quote , 5. Quilt
E. Write
down five words that rhyme with ‘plain. Try to think of Words that are spelt
differently. 1.
Rain, 2. Vein , 3. Reign, 4. Dane , 5.
Mane
One Word Substitution
Exercises
A. Find
one word that is applicable to both the phrases in each set of items below.
1. to get angry (the verb often used in passive form)
a pleasant-smelling smoke
2. a sloping surface a tendency towards something
3. a branch of knowledge studied in a school/college
likely to suffer from something
4. not simple a group of similar buildings
5. not likely to change a place where horses are kept
6. a sudden, painful tightening of the muscles to
prevent the progress of someone
7. to hit somebody hard
a drink made from fruit juice and wine
8. to go under a liquid an open container in the
kitchen for washing dishes
Answers : 1. Incense, 2. Inclination , 3. Subject, 4. Hurdle , 5.
Stable , 6. Cramp 7. Pulp,
8. Sink
B. Write one-word substitutes for the following.
1. a large land mass that forms part of a continent
2. a man who cares a lot
about his clothes and appearance
3. a man who has never been married
4. a medical practitioner who treats skin diseases
5. a person who loves mankind
6. a person who studies birds
7 someone who spends too much money or wastes money
8. the study of animal life
Answers : 1. Subcontinent , 2.
Fop , 3. Bachelor , 4. Dermatologist , 5.
Philanthropist,
6. Ornithologist , 7. Spendthrift , 8. Zoology
