Literary Terms in English Poetry

 

 Literary Terms   in Poetry

Alliteration:

1.      Alliteration is a literary term  in which the same sound repeats in a sentence

2.      In Alliteration is the same letter or sound at the beginning of words that are close together.

3.      In case of a lliteration is the repetition of an opening consonant sound in words that are in close proximity to each other.

 

Types:

General Alliteration: In this type of alliteration the starting sounds of a word are of same sound. For example: “Solly saw seventeen sausages”

 

 

Consonance Alliteration: Consonance is that type of literary term in which is the repetition of same consonant sounds in a sentence or more. 

 For example: He struck a streak of bad luck, it will creep and beep while you sleep, and Toss the glass, boss.

Assonance Alliteration: Assonance is that type of literary term which has repetition of same or similar vowel sound in a sentence or more.  For example:  Do good have good, Go slow over the road, and Surf and turf etc.

 Unvoiced Alliterations: This is the type alliteration cannot be voiced or used in speech. For instance, some of the words at the beginning of the words might be silent or unpronounced but still, they would contribute to the alliteration forms. For example: “Pessy just poked with a pink pterodactyl”. Here ‘p’ is silent in the last word but it would still add its meaning in alliteration.

 

Examples:

1. Claire, close your cluttered closet.
2. Go and gather the green leaves on the grass.

 III.            Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.

4. Please put away your paints and practice the piano.

    V.            Round the rocks run the river.

 VI.            Safe and sound.

VII.            Sally sells seashells by the seashore.

8. Shut the shutters before the shouting makes you shudder.
9. The big bad bear bored the baby bunnies by the bushes.

 

 Metaphor:

1.      The word 'Metaphor' comes from the Greek Meta 'change' and phero 'I bear' and therefore means a transfer of significance.

2.      Metaphor is used in an imaginative way to describe in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful.

 

3.      Metaphor is an implied comparison, a simile without like or as. The simile says merely that one thing is like another; the metaphor says the one thing is another.

 

Examples:

       I.            Kashmir is the Switzerland of Asia. (Kashmir is a mountainous country in Europe, therefore Afghanistan implies to Kashmir.)

    II.            Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

 III.            My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)

 IV.            The camel is the ship of desert. (The camel crosses the dessert as the ship crosses the sea).

    V.            The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)

 VI.            She has heart of stone. (An inflexible and unfriendly or unkind.)

 

 Onomatopoeia:

1.      Onomatopoeia is a literary term that sounds like the sound it depicts.

2.      Onomatopoeia is the method of creating a word that echoes like or mimics the same sound that the word is describing. 

3.      The spelling and pronunciation of that onomatopoeia is directly influenced by the sound it describes in real life.

4.      Onomatopoeia words, such as ‘quack’, ‘meow’, and ‘oink’, imitate the sounds that they describe. 

5.      Onomatopoeia is a helpful way to explain sound, creating the genuine noise in the reader’s mind. This makes a clear reading experience.

6.      All onomatopoeia words explain particular sounds.

 

Examples:

       I.            A loud crack came from the ice.

    II.            A twig snapped under my feet.

 III.            Bacon sizzled on the pan.

4. Ding, dong, the doorbell rang.

    V.            I heard a huge roar and turned around and saw a bear.

 VI.            Kelly’s teeth chattered as she stood out in the cold.

VII.            Leaves rustle in the wind and are whipped into the air.

8. Listen to the pitter-patter of raindrops on the leaves.

 IX.            My cat purrs when I stroke it.

    X.            POW! The ball smacked him right in the face.

11. She woke to the sound of chirping.

XII.            Splash went the water when Chris jumped in.

XIII.            The audience clapped at the end of the show.

XIV.            The cat meows incessantly as she pets it.

15. The dog growled menacingly at the strangers.
16. The engine started with a vroom.
17. The tires screeched as he slammed on the brakes.

XVIII.            The was a loud bang and then everything went dark.

XIX.            Water was gushing everywhere.

XX.            You can hear the peep peep of the chickens as they peck the ground.

 

Assonance:

1.      Assonance is that literary device in which vowel sounds are repeated within word, clause phrase or sentence.

2.      Assonance is the recurrence of the ‘vowel’ sound across words within the lines of the poem generating inside rhymes.

3.      Assonance is the close arrangement of like sounds mostly of vowels.

4.      Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in close by words in a sentence.

5.      Echoing effect is created with the help of Assonance in sentence.

6.      The assonance is used to highlight the meanings of words or to set the mood.

 

Examples:

       I.            Evening light flickers and will fade over the holiday parade.

    II.            Fire at the private eye hired to pry in my business.

 III.            Go slow over the road. (repetition of the long o sound)

 IV.            I find this line difficult to complete in time.

    V.            I wish there was a way to make her state similar feelings to those of my soul.

 VI.            Oh, how the evening light fades over the lake.

VII.            Sally sells sea shells beside the sea shore (repetition of the short e and long e sounds)

VIII.            The light of the fire is a sight. (repetition of the long i sound)

 IX.            Try as I might, the kite did not fly. (repetition of the long i sound)

Personification:

1.      Personification is such type of literary term which us used by authors to make their writing more attractive by stressing a non-human’s personality by relating them with human traits.

2.      Personification is a thought or thing which is given human characteristic or feelings or is considered sometimes as if they are human beings.

3.      Personification is a general type of metaphor in which human characteristics are ascribed to nonhuman things of the world.

4.       It is when we give the qualities of a human being to something that isn't human or that isn't even animate,

5.      Personification helps us to build an image in our mind. 

6.      Personification provides persona, vigor, determination, and sentiment to an or else dead scene.

Examples:

                   I.            Additionally, that picture says a lot.

                II.            Also, my brain is not working fast enough today.

             III.            Books reach out to kids.

             IV.            Can you see that star winking at you?

                V.            Fear gripped the patient waiting for a diagnosis.

             VI.            Her eyes are not smiling at us.

          VII.            However, the mail is running unusually slow this week.

       VIII.            I wanted to get money, but the ATM died.

             IX.            My computer throws a fit every time I try to use it.

                X.            My computer works very hard.

             XI.            That bus is driving too fast.

          XII.            That door jumped in my way.

       XIII.            The cupboard groans when you open it.

       XIV.            The school bell called us from outside.

          XV.            The sunflowers hung their heads.

       XVI.            The wind is whispering outside.

    XVII.            This advertisement speaks to me.

 XVIII.            This article says that spinach is good for you.

       XIX.            Those windows are watching us.

          XX.            Unfortunately, when she stepped on the Lego, her foot cried.

       XXI.            Why is your plant pouting in the corner?

    XXII.            Her life wandered past.

 XXIII.             The sun glared down at me from the sky.

 XXIV.            The door protested as it opened slowly.

    XXV.            The evil tree was lurking in the shadows.

 XXVI.            My life came screeching to a halt.

XXVII.            The blizzard swallowed the town.

 

 

 Simile:

1.      Simile comes from the Latin word similis (meaning “similar, like”)

2.       According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, “Simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as (as in cheeks like roses)”.

3.       Aristotle coined the term "imago" to describe what we would call a simile. In Aristotle's "Rhetoric," he defined imago as the practice of describing something through a comparison to something else.

4.      In Simile there is a comparison of one thing with another. The comparison may be a word or a phrase.

5.      A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things or actions that have certain qualities in common.

Examples:

                                  I.            He is as ferocious as a tiger.

                               II.            He moved like a ghost.

                            III.            He runs as fast as lightning.

                            IV.            Like a high-horn maiden, in a place tower.

                               V.            My love is like a red, red rose.

                            VI.            She’s as sweet as honey.

                         VII.            Thy soul was like a star.

                      VIII.            Wandered lonely as cloud.

                            IX.            We drop like the fruits of tree.

                               X.            You sing like an angel.

 

Similes vs. metaphors: are both types of comparison and forms of figurative language. A simile is a type of metaphor, but there is a key difference between these literary terms. A simile compares two unrelated things using the words “like” or “as.” A metaphor, on the other hand, makes a direct comparison for rhetorical effect.

Example:

“She's as fierce as a tiger” is a simile, but “She's a tiger when she's angry” is a metaphor.

 

 Imagery:

1.      Images in Literature are used depict a picture with words. In poetry the poet makes use of symbolic language to suggest a sensory experience in the reader.

2.      Imagery is colorful language that creates a mental picture of different things, such as experiences, places, objects and ideas etc.

3.      Images are used in Literature to invoke any of the five senses to create a set of mental images.

4.      In case of image reader’s senses such as sight, taste, smell, sound, feelings, and even emotions are involved.

5.      Image in a poem is a poetic form that uses descriptions of visual images to demonstrate a subject or emotion.

6.      Imagery helps us to see clearly, as touch, taste, smell, and hear both internally as well as externally.

 

Types of Imagery in Poetry:

1.      Auditory imagery. Auditory imagery relates with the sense of hearing or sound. In this type of imagery poet makes the use of music, sound, and some literary devices dealing with sound such as onomatopoeia. For example:

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
Among the river sallows, borne aloft
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. (John Keats)

2.       Gustatory imagery: This type of imagery is   used to depict those things that we can taste. It helps to create a mental picture of taste in the mind of reader.  This is used to remind certain memories or emotions in the reader’s mind. For example:

The sweetness of new potatoes, fresh peas, broad beans,

the grassy herbalness of asparagus and then

the uncompromisingly radiant sunniness of the basil. (Nigella Lawson)

3.      Olfactory imagery. This type of imagery deals with the reader’s sense of smell. In this type of poetry the poet appeals to the reader’s sense in such a way as if he inhales something with the help of word of poem.  In Olfactory imagery are included both  pleasant fragrances  as well as offensive smell. For example: 

They silently inhale
the clover-scented gale,
And the vapors that arise
From the well-watered and smoking soil (H.W. Longfellow)

4.    Tactile imagery.  Tactile imagery is description that stimulates our senses of touch and skin is involved in this type of imagery. In this type are included Sensations like itching, stickiness, and the warmness.  For example:

 And now (how shall I describe it?), now all was still. Still, as when some pain ceases. A peculiarly perceptible, prickling stillness, as if a wound were healing. (Rainer Maria Rilke)

5.      Visual imagery. Visual imagery relates with seeing or sight. In this type of imagery, the poet appeals to the reader’s sense of sight with visual representations. The visual imagery includes colour, shape and size etc.  The poet makes use of different literary terms such as: metaphor, simile, or personification etc. For example:

I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. (William Wordsworth)

 

 

 Hyperbole:

1.      The literary device hyperbole has been derived from the Greek word ‘huperbole’ meaning “to throw above” or “excess”.

2.      Hyperbole is a figure of speech that is used as an exaggerated or overstated statement to create a strong exciting response.

3.      Hyperbole is a literary device which is the used for exaggeration or for rhetoric.

4.      In case of hyperbole the author speaks or writes someone or something in such a way that sounds much superior, improved, lesser, inferior, etc., than they are actually.

5.      Hyperbole is a rhetorical and literary technique where an author or speaker intentionally uses exaggeration and overstatement for emphasis and effect.

6.      Hyperbole in writing or speech  adds a dramatic or serious effect to a statement 

7.      Hyperbole is generally used in literature, public speaking.  It is not mostly used in nonfiction works, like reports or research papers etc.

8.      Hyperbole is used for stress in a work to create humorous effects.

 

Examples:

       I.            He has the memory of an elephant.

    II.             He’s high as a kite.

3. I am so hungry I could eat all the food here.

 IV.            I had a ton of homework.

    V.            I have a million things to do today.

6. I’d never do that. Not in a million years!

VII.            I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse.

8. I’m so hungry, I could eat an elephant.

 IX.            I’ve told you to clean your room a million times!

10. It took forever to climb the hill.

 XI.            It took forever to find you.

12. My dad will kill me when he comes home.
13. My legs felt like jelly after riding the rollercoaster.
14. She was so happy; her smile was a mile wide.
15. She’s as skinny as a toothpick.

XVI.             That book is a real doorstopper.

17. That guy has tons of money.
18. That man is as tall as a house.
19. That trend is as old as the dinosaurs.

XX.            The car went faster than the speed of light.

21. These shoes are killing me!

XXII.            This helmet is killing me.

23. This is the worst day of my life.
24. Your skin is softer than silk.

 

 

Rhyme:

1.      Rhyme is a repetition of similar sounding words.

2.      Rhyme is a word that has the same sound or ends with the same sound as that of another word.

3.      Rhyme is regular recurrence of corresponding sounds at the end of lines or in the inner lines of poetry.

4.       Rhyme is same syllable or word sounds, often occurring at the end of lines of poetry.

5.      Rhyme is not compulsory for the poem; it is used to make the poem musical.

 

 

Types of Rhyme:

There are three types of Rhyme.

        i.            Broken rhyme: In this type of rhyme a word is divided across lines in such a way that it rhymes with another word.

      ii.            Cross rhyme: In this type of rhyme a word at the end of a particular line rhymes with another in the middle of another line.

    iii.            End rhyme: When rhyme is used at the end of a line to echo the end of another line, this type of rhyme is called end rhyme.

    iv.            Eye rhyme: In this type of rhyme the spellings are same but sounds are different.

      v.            Identical rhyme: In this type of rhyme, the rhyme words look different but sound the same.

    vi.            Imperfect rhyme: In this type of rhyme the stressed syllable for one word is rhymed with the unstressed syllable in another word.

  vii.            Internal rhyme: When rhyme is used within a line and not merely at ends of line, this type of rhyme is called internal rhyme.

viii.            Mixed rhyme: Sometime poets use both internal and end rhymes in the same verse.

    ix.            Near rhyme: This type of rhyme has many names such as: half, approximate, off, oblique, semi or slant rhyme.  In this type of rhyme only the last syllables have the same sound.

      x.            Perfect rhyme:  In this rhyme all the stressed syllables have same sounds.

    xi.            Rich rhyme: In this type of rhyme words are pronounced same but  are not spelled alike and have different meanings.

  xii.            Syllabic rhyme: This type of rhyme involves rhyming the last syllable of words.

 

 

Examples:

       I.            Blame game.

       I.            Class , Mass , Gas , Pass , Glass , Grass , Brass , Surpass

    II.            Cook , Book , Took , Look , Hook

 III.            Cool , School , Rule , Tool , Pool , Fool

 IV.            Cut , Hut , Shut , But , What

    V.            Day , Gay , Way , Say , May , Stay , Ray , Bay , Clay , Decay

 VI.            Die , By , High , Why , Try , Sky , Buy , Cry , Rely , Guy

VII.            Dirty , Thirty , Naughty , Thirsty

VIII.            Draw , Law , Saw , Jaw , Awe , Flaw , Claw , Paw

 IX.            Drop , Crop , Chop , Mop , Shop , Stop , Slope , Top , Swap

    II.            Fender bender.

    X.            Hole , Mole , Stole , Control , Whole , Roll , Soul , Goal , Toll , Poll

 XI.            Make or break.

XII.            Meet and greet.

XIII.            Nearest and dearest.

XIV.            See you later, alligator.

XV.            Too cool for school.

 

Rhyme Scheme: Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is mostly identified by using letters to indicate the rhyming lines. For writing rhyming poems we have to use a rhyme scheme composed of shared vowel sounds or consonants.

Example:  Rhyme scheme of the nursery rhyme ‘Twinkle, twinkle…’ is below:

                        Twinkle, twinkle, little star, (A)

                        How I wonder what you are. (A)

                        Up above the world so high, (B)

                        Like a diamond in the sky. (B)

Types:

        i.            Alternate  rhyme: This type of rhyme repeats in every other line. This is also called as ‘ABABA’

      ii.            Couplet rhyme: This type of rhyme contains two-lined stanzas with the same rhyme. For this type the rhyme scheme is AA, BB, CC etc.

    iii.            Enclosed rhyme: This type  has rhyme scheme of ABBA.

    iv.            Mono rhyme: The same rhyme is repeated in every line. Thus, rhyme scheme is AAAA…

      v.            Triplet rhyme: This type of rhyme contains three-lined stanzas with the same rhyme. The rhyme scheme for this type is AAA, BBB, CCC etc.

 Rhythm: The word rhythm is derived from from Greek word “rhythmos” which means, “measured motion”.

Rhythm is "any regular recurring motion, symmetry" generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements.

Rhythm refers to the use of long and short stresses, or stressed and unstressed, within the writing.

Rhythm is associated with the musical aspect a language which makes the words more appealing.

Rhythm is established when we play with a musical instrument. This is done by moving our hands from one note to another after regular intervals of time.

 

In literature, rhythm is the pattern of stressed and unstressed beats. Rhythm is most commonly found in poetry, though it is also present in some works of drama and prose. The rhythm of a poem can be analyzed through the number of lines in a verse, the number of syllables in the line, and the arrangement of syllables based on whether they are long or short, accented or unaccented.

Rhythm in poetry can be thought of as the beat or the flow of a poem. It is made up of beat and repetition so it usually refers to features of sound. It is created by stressed and unstressed syllables in a line or a verse.

Rhythm can be described as the beat and pace of a poem. The rhythmic beat is created by the pattern of stressed and unstressed.

Rhythm is the beat and pace of a poem and is created by the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. 

Rhythm is the regular rising and falling in the flow of sounds in poetry.

These natural stresses are used by poets to help form this rhythm almost like a beat in music. If you put a word in a sentence and read it out loud, you can see which words are stressed more easily.

When the rhythm occurs in regular recurrence of stressed, it is called a metre and the compositions written in metre is known as verse.

The combination of strong stressed and the weak stressed make up the metric unit of a line called “foot”.

The number of feet composing a metric line determines its name as: Monometer (one foot), Diameter (two feet), and Trimeter (three feet), Tetrameter (four feet), Pentameter (five meter), hexameter (six feet), heptameter (seven feet), octametre (eight feet) and  Polymetre (many metres)

Importance of rhythm in poetry:

Rhythm plays a role to create emotions and a sense of balance in the writing. It is what makes it special when it is read out loud.

Rhythm is the chief and essential characteristic of a verse which distinguished it from prose.

It can strengthen meanings and ideas in a poem. Different rhythms can create moods and tones that might reflect the ideas and thoughts expressed in the poem.

The purpose is to create a metrical pattern that could fit the musical beats. The music also helps readers understand the major themes and messages of the poem.

The use of rhythm in poetry arises from the need to express some words more strongly than others.

It works to provide the poem with a pattern of beats, one that influences the way the reader hears the sounds and the speed at which they read them. The stressed and unstressed beats produce different results that make every poem different. They give poetry a song-like quality that makes it a pleasure to hear and to read out loud. 

 

Types :

Iamb: The most common type of meter uses iambs, which are sets of two syllables in which only the second is stressed. An example of an iamb is the word "compare," in which the sound of the second syllable is stressed more strongly than that of the first. Shakespeare's sonnets were written in iambic pentameter, which means he composed each line with five iambs. Consider the following example, in which the stress falls on every other syllable:

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"

Trochee: A trochee is another type of poetic foot commonly used in English. Here the first syllable is stressed, such as in the word "awful." Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote his "Psalm of Life" in trochaic tetrameter, which means it's composed of lines of four trochees each. Consider the opening line from that poem and note how the stress falls on the odd numbered syllables:"Tell me not, in mournful numbers,"

Spondee: A spondee is a pattern of two subsequent stressed syllables. Examples of spondees in English are usually compound words or two one-syllables words: HOW NOW, RAINSTORM, SUNSHINE

Dactyl: A dactyl is comprised of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. A poem written with many dactyls has a very musical quality to it, such as in a limerick (There ONCE was a MAN from NanTUCKet). Examples of dactyls: ANimal, TERRible, DIFFerent

Anapest: An anapest is the opposite of a dactyl in that it has two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable. Examples of anapests: souvenIR, a la CARTE, debonAIR. (Note that all of these examples have a clear French influence, in which anapests are much more common than in Germanic languages).

 

Examples:

Tyger by William Blake

“Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

Trochees are perfectly used in this poem by William Blake. Here, the first syllables of the words “tyger,” “burning,” and “forests” are stressed; however the second syllables are unstressed.

Paradise Lost by John Milton

“And Life—blood streaming fresh; wide was the wound.”

Milton has used spondee in this entire epic poem. The spondaic meter is explicitly visible in the words “wide was.” However, the remaining line is iambic pentameter.

 

Allegory:

1.      The Oxford English Dictionary defines “allegory” as a “story, picture, or other piece of art that uses symbols to convey a hidden or ulterior meaning, typically a moral or political one.” 

2.      An allegory is a figurative imaginary story that conveys a meaning not openly set forth in the plot.

3.      An allegory is a slight or concealed message set in within a story.

4.      An allegory is an important part of a symbolic story.

5.      An allegory is a story inside a story. It has deeper meaning than its surface story.

6.      Allegories have the hidden story which mostly deal or represent: politics, religion, or morality etc.

7.      An allegory is a tale or story that expresses a intricate, intangible, or complicated message.

8.      An Allegory depicts   difficult messages in easy-to-read stories.

9.       In an Allegory the author creates some detachment between himself and the issues the issues he is depicting with the help of allegory.

Examples:

                   I.            Aesop’s Fables.

                II.            C.S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia. 

             III.            Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene.

             IV.            George Orwell’s Animal Farm. 

                V.            J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings.

             VI.            L. Frank Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

          VII.            Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter. 

       VIII.            Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

             IX.            Seuss’s The Sneetches.

                X.            Ursula le Guin’s The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas. 

 

Types of allegories: The important types of allegories are:

        i.            Biblical: This type of allegory can refer to stories of Bible that instruct particular lessons.  This type of allegory explores the struggle between good and evil.  One example of Biblical allegory is C.S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia. The lion, Aslan, represents a Christ character, who is the rightful ruler of the kingdom of Narnia. Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund, the Judas figure, and is resurrected to rule over Narnia once again.

      ii.            Classical:  This type of allegory refers to the classical period of ancient Greece and Rome. One of the best known allegories in classical literature is Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. In this story, Plato imagines people living in a cave, only ever seeing objects as shadows reflected on the wall from the light of a fire—rather than seeing the objects directly. Plato used the cave as a symbolic representation of how humans live in the world, contrasting reality versus our interpretation of it.

    iii.            Medieval Allegory: This type of allegory encourages Christianity through poems and art in the middle ages. For example  The Divine Comedy. Dante’s passage through hell, purgatory, and heaven means spiritual elevation through Christian faith.

 

    iv.            Modern: This type of allegory refers to the modern concerns. For example, J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is seen as a fight between good and evil during the two world wars.

Symbolism:

1.      Symbol acts as a visual aid for readers to better understand complex ideas of concepts. · It helps readers to find the theme or main idea what author wants to depict.

2.      A ‘symbol’ is a literary device used in Literature as a person, object, place, event, words, people, marks, locations, abstract ideas or action that suggests deeper meaning than that of literal meaning.

3.       A symbol is literary device that stands for or suggests something else with deeper meaning. 

4.      Symbolism in poetry adds to the effect of the common language and gives several meanings for explanation.

5.      Symbolism takes something that is generally tangible and attaches it to something else in order to give it a new and more important meaning.

6.      Poet makes the use of Symbols to highlight deeper meaning and enhance the poem​.

7.      Symbolism is a literary device that uses symbols, be they to represent something beyond the literal meaning.

8.      Symbolism plays an important function in creating a certain mood, feeling, or emotion within a book.

9.       Symbolism acts as a visual aid for better understanding of concepts ideas. It also adds emotional weight to a work.

10.    Using symbolism in a book is a way of positively influencing readers’ emotions so they can learn something or enjoy the book more

11.  Different types of literary devices are used for symbolic significance of a work such as: i. Simile, ii. Personification, iii. Hyperbole, iv. Metaphor, v. Allegory, vi. Archetype etc.

Example:

I.                   Symbols Used in our daily life:

a.      Colors –symbolizes emotions: red/passion or anger; blue/happiness or calm; green/jealousy;

b.      Colors –symbolizes states of being: black/ evil; white/purity; red/ danger; green/growth; purple/royalty; yellow/violence etc.

c.       Darkness–symbolizes  evil, magic, or the unknown etc. 

d.      Dollar sign–symbolizes money, earnings, wealth

e.       Dreams –symbolizes future or fate.

f.       Flowers –symbolizes emotions and/or states of being: rose/romance and love etc.

g.      Four-leaf clover–symbolizes good luck or fortune

h.      Green traffic light–symbolizes “go” or proceed

i.        Image of shopping cart–symbolizes online purchases

j.         Night–symbolizes darkness, death, or grief.

k.      Pilgrim hat–symbolizes thanksgiving holiday

l.        Rainbow–symbolizes hope and promise

m.    Red rose–symbolizes love and romance

n.      Red, white, blue–symbolizes american patriotism

o.      Seasons –symbolizes ages: winter/old age or death; spring/youth; summer/prime of life; fall or autumn/middle age

p.      Sleep –symbolizes death.

q.      Tree blossoms–symbolize spring season

r.       Water–symbolizes the idea of birth or purification.

s.       Wedding ring–symbolizes commitment and matrimony

II.                Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice. (Robert Frost)

III.             All the world’s a stage,

 And all the men and women merely players.

 They have their exits and their entrances,

 And one man in his time plays many parts. (W. Shakespeare)

IV.             O my luve’s like a red, red rose,

That’s newly sprung in June;

O my luve’s like the melodie

That’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns)

 

 Synecdoche:

1.      Synecdoche is derived from the Greek word synecdoche meaning ‘simultaneous’.

2.      Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something is replaced with for the whole or whole is replaced with part.

3.      Synecdoche is that figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa.

4.      A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole or whole for part.

5.      Synecdoche is used to evoke mental imagery in their readers and to generate associations between ideas.

6.      Synecdoche is a helpful device for writers to express a word or idea in a different way by using an aspect of that word or idea.

Examples:

 

1. Behind bars for jail.
2. Boots on the ground for soldiers.

 III.            Bread for food.

   IV.            Fifty sail for fifty ships.

    V.            Hired hand for worker.

6. Paper or plastic for shopping bag.
7. Pearly gates for Heaven.

VIII.            Society for high society.

9. Stars and stripes for U.S. flag.
10. Suits for people in business.
11. Threads for clothing.
12. Twinkle toes for a dancer.
13. Wheels for a vehicle.

XIV.            Wheels for a car.

 

Types:

                    i.            Microcosm: In this we use a part or element to represent a larger whole.

                  ii.            Macrocosm:  In this we use a whole or larger entity to represent a specific part.

 

 Pun: The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines ‘pun’ as “the clever or humorous use of a word that has more than one meaning, or of words that have different meanings but sound the same”, and according to the Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, the term ‘pun’ is explained as “an expression that achieves emphasis or humour by contriving an ambiguity, two distinct meanings being suggested either by the same word or by two similar-sounding words.” The dictionary also mentions ‘paronomasia’ as an alternate term to refer to ‘pun’.

‘Pun’ is defined as “a humorous use of a word or phrase that has several meanings or that sounds like another word”, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, and “the usually humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound”, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

A pun is a figure of speech that plays with the words to have multiple meanings. The words are arranged in such a way to create a humorous or rhetorical effect.

 

Puns involve words with similar or identical sounds but with different meanings. Their play on words also relies on a word or phrase having more than one meaning

Importance of Pun

The point of this is to add a humorous tone to the writing. 

Puns are generally intended to be humorous, but they often have a serious purpose as well in literary works.

Types of Puns:

There are three main types: Homographic, homophonic and homonymic.

1.       Homographic Puns: This type plays with words that have different meanings and pronunciations, but similar spellings.

2.       Homophonic Puns: this type plays with words with a similar sound but different spellings.

3.       Homonymic Puns: this type has the same sound and spellings but different meanings.

4.      Compound pun. A compound pun contains more than one pun in the same sentence. 

5.    Visual pun. A visual pun, or a graphological pun, does not use phonetic writing. Visual puns can be achieved through imagery, graphics, or logos. 

6.      Intended and Unintended Pun: Sometimes authors and characters use words in some contexts which have possibly several meanings but the readers are likely to deduce the meanings which its use does not mean. This is an unintended use of puns or it is called a pun unintended. However, sometimes writers, speakers, and characters intentionally use words having double meanings to create laughter.

7.      Equivoque Pun:  This is a special type of pun when the use of single word or phrase which has two different meanings.

 

 

Examples:

       I.            Is life worth living? It depends upon the liver.

    II.            Seven days make one week/ Seven days without water make one weak.

 III.            Her cat is near the computer to keep an eye on the mouse.

 IV.            “The road to success is always under construction.” (Lily Tomlin)

    V.            She had a photographic memory but she didn’t develop it.

 VI.            A woman powders the face, while a solider faces the powder.

VII.            A teacher is a person who is present simultaneously at school and at his tuition centre.

VIII.            A politician is a person who builds castles in the atmosphere.

 IX.            He encashed his cheque and checked his cash.

 

 

Difference between Pun and Joke

It can be difficult for people to distinguish between puns and jokes. This is understandable since they are similar in nature, yet they are not the same. Puns are figures of speech that rely on a form of word play, whereas jokes are narrative structures intended to create humor and laughter.

 

 

Conceit:

1.      As a literary term, a conceit uses an extensive metaphor that compares two extremely different things. 

2.      A conceit is a detailed, incredible relationship between two very different things to generate an imaginative relationship between them.

3.      A conceit is an imaginary metaphor, mainly a well detailed or comprehensive metaphor in which an unlikely, incredible, or strained relationship is made.

4.      Conceit is a figure of speech, usually a simile or metaphor that forms a particularly imaginative or imaginary parallel between actually different or strange.

5.       Conceit is used by a writer to establish a relationship between two very dissimilar concepts or objects.

6.      Conceits in literature frequently use various literary terms such as: metaphors, juxtapositions, or similes which generate and increase the comparison.

7.      Conceit is nearly an argument that the writer is proving to the reader.

8.      Writers make use of conceits to surprise and shock readers by making farfetched comparisons.

Types:

There are two types of conceits which are mostly used in literature:

         i.            Metaphysical Conceit:  A metaphysical conceit is a complex, and often lofty literary device that makes a far-stretched comparison. This type of  conceit sets up comparisons between physical images - nature, everyday objects - and abstract, emotional, or spiritual concepts - love, death, religion.

       ii.            Petrarchan Conceit:  Petrarchan conceits are named after the Italian poet Petrarch. In this type of conceit we can make use of concrete imagery to show the writer's love and dedication to their subject mostly as a lover.

Examples:

        I.            A broken heart is like a damaged clock.

      II.            Roses danced in the apples of her cheeks.

    III.             

Join with us on below Links 

1.YouTube for Live :Dear Students (Salim Sir)

2.Website  for  News : www.jkscore.com

2. Website for English Material:   

                          www.englishforallonline.com

3.Telegram for Material: Dear Students Library

4.Whats app for Information: Edu. & Job Alert

5. Mail for feedback: Jkedujob@gmail.com

6. Fb G: J&K Students Preparation Together

7. Fb P: Education with Salim Sir’s Academy