Literary Terms ( Rhyme, Rhythm, Simile, Metaphor, Alliteration and Pun) for B Ed
Rhythm: The word rhythm is derived from from Greek word “rhythmos” which means, “measured motion”.
Rhythm is "any regular recurring motion, symmetry" generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and
weak elements.
Rhythm refers to the use of long and short stresses, or
stressed and unstressed, within the writing.
Rhythm is associated with the musical aspect a language which
makes the words more appealing.
Rhythm is established when we play with a musical instrument.
This is done by moving our hands from one note to another after regular intervals
of time.
Rhythm in poetry can be thought of as the beat or the flow of
a poem. It is made up of beat and repetition so it usually refers to features
of sound. It is created by stressed and unstressed syllables in a line or a
verse.
Rhythm can be described
as the beat and pace of a poem. The rhythmic
beat is created by the pattern of stressed and unstressed.
Rhythm
is the beat and pace of a poem and is
created by the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Rhythm is the regular rising and falling in the flow of
sounds in poetry.
These natural stresses are used by poets to help
form this rhythm almost like a beat in music. If you put a word in a sentence
and read it out loud, you can see which words are stressed more easily.
When the rhythm occurs in regular recurrence of
stressed, it is called a metre and the compositions written in metre is known
as verse.
The combination of strong stressed and the weak
stressed make up the metric unit of a line called “foot”.
The number of feet composing a metric line
determines its name as: Monometer (one foot), Diameter (two feet), and Trimeter
(three feet), Tetrameter (four feet), Pentameter (five meter), hexameter (six
feet), heptameter (seven feet), octametre (eight feet) and Polymetre (many metres)
Importance of
rhythm in poetry:
Rhythm plays a
role to create emotions and a sense of balance in the writing. It is what makes
it special when it is read out loud.
Rhythm is the
chief and essential characteristic of a verse which distinguished it from prose.
It can
strengthen meanings and ideas in a poem. Different rhythms can create moods and
tones that might reflect the ideas and thoughts expressed in the poem.
The purpose is to create a metrical pattern that
could fit the musical beats. The music also helps readers understand the
major themes and messages of the poem.
The use of rhythm in poetry arises from the need
to express some words more strongly than others.
It works to provide the poem with a
pattern of beats, one that influences the way the reader hears the sounds and
the speed at which they read them. The stressed and unstressed beats produce
different results that make every poem different. They give poetry a song-like
quality that makes it a pleasure to hear and to read out loud.
Types
:
Iamb: The most common type of meter uses iambs, which are sets of two
syllables in which only the second is stressed. An example of an iamb is the
word "compare," in which the sound of the second syllable is stressed
more strongly than that of the first. Shakespeare's sonnets were written in
iambic pentameter, which means he composed each line with five iambs. Consider
the following example, in which the stress falls on every other syllable:
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"
Trochee: A trochee is another type of poetic foot commonly used in
English. Here the first syllable is stressed, such as in the word
"awful." Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote his "Psalm of
Life" in trochaic tetrameter, which means it's composed of lines of four
trochees each. Consider the opening line from that poem and note how the stress
falls on the odd numbered syllables:"Tell me not, in mournful
numbers,"
Spondee:
A spondee is a pattern of two subsequent stressed syllables. Examples of
spondees in English are usually compound words or two one-syllables words: HOW
NOW, RAINSTORM, SUNSHINE
Dactyl:
A dactyl is comprised of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed
syllables. A poem written with many dactyls has a very musical quality to it,
such as in a limerick (There
ONCE was a MAN from NanTUCKet). Examples of dactyls: ANimal, TERRible,
DIFFerent
Anapest:
An anapest is the opposite of a dactyl in that it has two unstressed syllables
followed by one stressed syllable. Examples of anapests: souvenIR, a la CARTE,
debonAIR. (Note that all of these examples have a clear French influence, in
which anapests are much more common than in Germanic languages).
Examples:
Tyger by William Blake
“Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the
night,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
Trochees are perfectly used in this poem by William Blake. Here,
the first syllables of the words “tyger,” “burning,” and “forests” are
stressed; however the second syllables are unstressed.
Paradise Lost by John Milton
“And Life—blood
streaming fresh; wide was the wound.”
Milton has used spondee in this entire epic poem.
The spondaic meter is explicitly visible in the words “wide was.” However, the
remaining line is iambic pentameter.
Rhyme:
1. Rhyme
is a repetition of similar sounding words.
2. Rhyme
is a word that has the same sound or ends with the same sound as that of
another word.
3. Rhyme
is regular recurrence of corresponding sounds at the end of lines or in the
inner lines of poetry.
4. Rhyme is same syllable or word
sounds, often occurring at the end of lines of poetry.
5. Rhyme
is not compulsory for the poem; it is used to make the poem musical.
Types of Rhyme:
i.
Broken rhyme: In this type of
rhyme a word is divided across lines in such a way that it rhymes with another
word.
ii.
Cross rhyme:
In this type of rhyme a word at the end of a particular line rhymes with
another in the middle of another line.
iii.
End rhyme:
When rhyme is used at the end of a line to echo the end of another line, this
type of rhyme is called end rhyme.
iv.
Eye rhyme:
In this type of rhyme the spellings are same but sounds are different.
v.
Identical rhyme: In this type of
rhyme, the rhyme words look different but sound the same.
vi.
Imperfect rhyme: In
this type of rhyme the stressed syllable for one word is rhymed with the unstressed
syllable in another word.
vii.
Internal rhyme:
When rhyme is used within a line and not merely at ends of line, this type of
rhyme is called internal rhyme.
viii.
Mixed rhyme:
Sometime poets use both internal and end rhymes in the same verse.
ix.
Near rhyme:
This type of rhyme has many names such as: half, approximate, off, oblique,
semi or slant rhyme. In this type of
rhyme only the last syllables have the same sound.
x.
Perfect rhyme: In this rhyme all the stressed syllables have
same sounds.
xi.
Rich rhyme:
In this type of rhyme words are pronounced same but are not spelled alike and have different
meanings.
xii.
Syllabic rhyme:
This type of rhyme involves rhyming the last syllable of words.
Examples:
I.
Blame game.
I.
Class , Mass , Gas , Pass , Glass , Grass , Brass , Surpass
II.
Cook , Book , Took , Look , Hook
III.
Cool , School , Rule , Tool , Pool , Fool
IV.
Cut , Hut , Shut , But , What
V.
Day , Gay , Way , Say , May , Stay , Ray , Bay , Clay ,
Decay
VI.
Die , By , High , Why , Try , Sky , Buy , Cry , Rely , Guy
VII.
Dirty , Thirty , Naughty , Thirsty
VIII.
Draw , Law , Saw , Jaw , Awe , Flaw , Claw , Paw
IX.
Drop , Crop , Chop , Mop , Shop , Stop , Slope , Top , Swap
II.
Fender bender.
X.
Hole , Mole , Stole , Control , Whole , Roll , Soul , Goal ,
Toll , Poll
XI.
Make or break.
XII.
Meet and greet.
XIII.
Nearest and dearest.
XIV.
See you later, alligator.
XV.
Too cool for school.
Rhyme Scheme:
Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or
song. It is mostly identified by using letters to indicate the rhyming lines. For
writing rhyming poems we have to use a rhyme scheme composed of shared vowel
sounds or consonants.
Example:
Rhyme scheme of the nursery rhyme ‘Twinkle,
twinkle…’ is below:
Twinkle, twinkle, little
star, (A)
How I wonder what you
are. (A)
Up above the world so
high, (B)
Like a diamond in the
sky. (B)
Types:
i.
Alternate rhyme: This type of
rhyme repeats in every other line. This is also called as ‘ABABA’
ii.
Couplet rhyme: This
type of rhyme contains two-lined stanzas with the same rhyme. For this type the
rhyme scheme is AA, BB, CC etc.
iii.
Enclosed rhyme:
This type has rhyme scheme of ABBA.
iv.
Mono rhyme:
The same rhyme is repeated in every line. Thus, rhyme scheme is AAAA…
v.
Triplet rhyme:
This type of rhyme contains three-lined stanzas with the same rhyme. The rhyme
scheme for this type is AAA, BBB, CCC etc.
Simile:
1. Simile comes from the Latin word similis (meaning “similar, like”)
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, “Simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as (as in cheeks like roses)”.
4.
In
Simile there is a comparison of one thing with another. The comparison may be a
word or a phrase.
5.
A
stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between
two fundamentally dissimilar things or actions that have certain qualities in
common.
EXAMPLES:
I.
He
moved like a lion.
II. She is like a moon.
II.
He
is as ferocious as a
tiger.
III.
Wandered
lonely as cloud.
IV.
Thy
soul was like a star.
V.
My
love is like a red, red rose.
VI.
Like
a high-horn maiden, in a place tower.
VII.
We
drop like the fruits of tree.
VIII.
He
runs as fast as lightning.
IX.
She’s as sweet as honey.
X. You sing like an angel
Metaphor:
1.
The
word 'Metaphor' comes from the Greek Meta 'change' and phero 'I bear' and
therefore means a transfer of significance.
2. Metaphor
is used in an imaginative way to describe in order to show that the two things
have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful.
3. Metaphor is an implied comparison, a simile without like or as.
The simile says merely that one thing is like another; the metaphor says the
one thing is another.
EXAMPLES:
He is lion. (He is bold)
She is moon. ( She is beautiful)
I. \Kashmir
is the Switzerland of Asia. (Switzerland is a mountainous country in Europe,
therefore Switzerland implies to Kashmir.)
II.
Her
voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel
happy)
III.
My
brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
IV.
The
camel is the ship of desert. (The camel crosses the dessert as the ship
crosses the sea).
V.
The
skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore,
this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
VI.
She
has heart of stone. (An inflexible
and unfriendly or unkind.)
Similes and metaphors: are both types of comparison and forms of figurative
language. A simile is a type of metaphor, but there is a key difference between
these literary terms. A simile compares two unrelated things using the words
“like” or “as.” A metaphor, on the other hand, makes a direct comparison for
rhetorical effect.
“She's
as fierce as a tiger” is a simile, but “She's a tiger when she's angry” is a
metaphor.
Alliteration:
1. Alliteration
is a literary term in which the
same sound repeats in a sentence
2. In
Alliteration is the same letter or sound at the beginning of words that are
close together.
3. In case of a lliteration is the repetition of an opening consonant sound
in words that are in close proximity to each other.
Types:
i.
General Alliteration: In this type of alliteration the
starting sounds of a word are of same sound. For example: “Solly
saw seventeen sausages”
ii.
Consonance Alliteration: Consonance is that type of
literary term in which is the repetition of same consonant sounds in a sentence
or more.
iii.
For example: He struck a streak of bad luck, It will creep and beep while you
sleep, and Toss the glass, boss.
iv.
Assonance Alliteration: Assonance is that type of literary term
which has repetition of same or similar vowel sound in a sentence or more. For example: Do good have good, Go slow over the road, and
Surf and turf etc.
v.
Unvoiced Alliterations: This is the type alliteration cannot be voiced or used in speech. For instance, some of the words at
the beginning of the words might be silent or unpronounced but still, they
would contribute to the alliteration forms. For example: “Pessy just poked with
a pink pterodactyl”. Here ‘p’ is silent in the last word but it would still add
its meaning in alliteration.
Examples:
- Claire, close your cluttered
closet.
- Go and gather the green leaves
on the grass.
III.
Peter Piper
Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
- Please put away your paints and
practice the piano.
V.
Round the rocks
run the river.
VI.
Safe and sound.
VII.
Sally sells
seashells by the seashore.
- Shut the shutters before the
shouting makes you shudder.
- The big bad bear bored the baby
bunnies by the bushes.
Pun: The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines ‘pun’ as “the clever or humorous use of a word that has more than one meaning, or of words that have different meanings but sound the same”, and according to the Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, the term ‘pun’ is explained as “an expression that achieves emphasis or humour by contriving an ambiguity, two distinct meanings being suggested either by the same word or by two similar-sounding words.” The dictionary also mentions ‘paronomasia’ as an alternate term to refer to ‘pun’.
‘Pun’ is defined as “a humorous use of a word or phrase that has
several meanings or that sounds like another word”, according to the Cambridge
Dictionary, and “the usually humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest
two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound”,
according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
A pun is a figure
of speech that plays with the words to have multiple meanings. The words are
arranged in such a way to create a humorous or rhetorical effect.
Puns involve words with similar or identical
sounds but with different meanings. Their play on words also relies on a word
or phrase having more than one meaning
Importance of Pun
The
point of this is to add a humorous tone to the writing.
Puns are generally intended to be humorous, but
they often have a serious purpose as well in literary works.
Types of Puns:
There are three main types: Homographic, homophonic and homonymic.
1. Homographic Puns: This type plays with words that have different meanings and pronunciations, but similar spellings.
2. Homophonic Puns: this type plays with words with a similar sound but different spellings.
3. Homonymic Puns: this type has the same sound and spellings but different meanings.
4.
Compound pun. A compound pun contains more than one pun in
the same sentence.
5. Visual pun. A visual pun, or a graphological
pun, does not use phonetic writing. Visual puns can be achieved through
imagery, graphics, or logos.
6.
Intended
and Unintended Pun: Sometimes
authors and characters use words in some contexts which have possibly several
meanings but the readers are likely to deduce the meanings which its use does
not mean. This is an unintended use of puns or it is called a pun unintended.
However, sometimes writers, speakers, and characters intentionally use words
having double meanings to create laughter.
7.
Equivoque
Pun: This is a special type of
pun when the use of single word or phrase which has two different meanings.
Examples:
I.
Is life worth living? It depends upon the
liver.
II.
Seven days make one week/ Seven days without
water make one weak.
III.
Her cat is near the computer to keep an eye on
the mouse.
IV.
“The road to success is always under
construction.” (Lily Tomlin)
V.
She had a photographic memory but she didn’t
develop it.
VI.
A woman powders the face, while a solider faces
the powder.
VII.
A teacher is a person who is present simultaneously
at school and at his tuition centre.
VIII.
A politician is a person who builds castles in
the atmosphere.
IX.
He encashed his cheque and checked his cash.
Difference between Pun and Joke
It can be difficult for people to distinguish between puns and
jokes. This is understandable since they are similar in nature, yet they are
not the same. Puns are figures of speech that rely on a form
of word play, whereas jokes are narrative structures intended to
create humor and laughter.
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