ENGLISH LANGUAGE ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE (ENL022A)

STEP AHEAD WITH ENGLISH
ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE (ENL022A)

SEMESTERS: 1-3 (NEP 2020)
For UG University of Kashmir

By Dr. Peer Salim Jahangeer (Salim Sir)

Dedicated To Dear Students

Note: Dear students are requested to send feedback. Please mention if there may be any mistake. We will incorporate suitable suggestions and corrections in the next print.

Syllabus

Unit I: Poetry

Robert Frost: “The Road Not Taken”
Nissim Ezekiel: “Night of the Scorpion”

Unit II: Short Story

Mulk Raj Anand: “The Lost Child”
Henry Lawson: “The Loaded Dog”

Unit III: Language in Use

Reading Comprehension
Paragraph Writing/ Essay Writing
Homonyms, Homophones/ Commonly misspelt words
Idioms and Phrases/ Phrasal verbs
Spellings and Sound Patterns in English/ One-Word substitution

Unit I: Poetry

1. Robert Frost: “The Road Not Taken”

Introduction: “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost is one of the best and most admired lyrics published in 1916 in the volume of poems called “Mountain Interval.” In this poem, the poet's thoughts are set in a place in the forest where the poet has to select only one path out of two. He comments on the complexity and importance of making a choice between these two paths.

He cannot see where each road will lead in the end, in spite of his greatest effort to do so. This is a metaphor for being faced with different paths in life and having to make only one choice among them. It affects not only his life on this earth but also his spiritual life after death.

The theme of the poem is that it is important to take risks and follow one's heart in life, even if the path is apparently unusual. In this poem, the poet brings out the significance of choice-making in one's life. He says that choices cannot be changed. They have a very extensive influence. The influence is on the whole course of a man's life.

Summary: The poem “The Road Not Taken” is based on an ordinary experience. It depicts the speaker standing in a forest at a point where the road divides into two, thinking about which road he should take. Once, the speaker of the poem was travelling through a forest. He came to a place from where the road divided into two directions. It is natural that he cannot travel by both roads at the same time. He had to select only one of the two. He stood there and thought for a long time.

One of the roads, which the author calls the first road, seems to have been used by people as its grass has been trodden. The other one, which the author names as the second road, seems not to have been used much as it was dense with grass. So, it is clear that this road had not been used much.

The poet decided to go by the second road, which is not used by many people. He kept the first one for another day. This choice made all the difference for him.

Textual Exercises

A. Answer the following in a single word, phrase, or sentence each.

What is the conflict the poet faces?
Ans.: The conflict which the poet faces is selecting a road between two roads.
Describe the setting of the poem.
Ans.: The forest is the setting of the poem.
Why does the poet say that the second road had the "better claim"?
Ans.: The poet says that the second road had the “better claim” because that road seemed to him to be undiscovered by anyone.
How does the poet come to a decision as to which road to take?
Ans.: The poet decides to select the second road, which is not used by anyone.
What does taking the road not taken symbolise?
Ans.: It symbolises poetry, which is not the cup of everybody.

B. Answer the following in about 150 words each.

Q1. What words does the poet use to allow us to share the traveller's experience?
Ans.: Robert Frost has written the poem “The Road Not Taken,” which has a deeper message. The message is about the ‘decision’ that one makes in life. On the surface, this is a story about a traveller’s experience who comes to a divergence in the road he is travelling upon. It is natural that he cannot travel by both the roads at the same time. He has to choose one of the two. He stood there and thought for a long time. One of the roads seems to have been used commonly. The other one was dense with grass. So, it is clear that this road had not been used much. The poet decided to go by the second road. He kept the first one for another day. This choice made all the difference for him. As he thinks about his choices, he looks down his path as far as he can see, trying to foresee what life will be like if he walks that path. Then he gazes at the other and decides that going down that path would be just as rewarding. At this point, he concludes that the trail less travelled would be more pleasant.

2. Carefully examine the last stanza and explain what the speaker means by the line 'Somewhere ages and ages hence’.
Ans.: The last stanza of the poem "The Road Not Taken" sums up the whole truth that the poet means to convey. He stresses here that a moment comes in life when one has to make a choice. One has to decide which road one should follow. Man chooses the road that seems to him to have a better claim. In the distant future, when he has already covered a large part of the road, he may think that perhaps the other road might have been more rewarding. But then it is too late, and there is no return from the road already taken. Also, the last stanza of the poem has a deep autobiographical note, as it deals with the poet’s real life. The poet, in his life, chose the less travelled road of poetry. This choice made all the difference in his life.

The speaker means by the line ‘Somewhere ages and ages hence’ in the poem that in the future we may regret our choice. One's destination in life depends on one's selection of choice in life. One must be ready to accept the consequences of one’s selected choice.

3. What do the two roads symbolise? Based on your interpretation, why does the traveller choose the road not taken?
Ans.: The two roads symbolise the philosophical idea that every man in his life has to make one choice from many choices. The selected choice reflects not only one’s present but also one’s future; in other words, what he is and what he will be. The two roads symbolise the selection of one’s personal, social, and professional life.

The traveller keeps on looking for the selection of the right path among the two paths. He is in a dilemma as he feels that both paths are equally good. Finally, he selects the second road; he chooses it as it has grass on it, which means that it was unused by others. The traveller here represents the poet himself, and he loves adventure in life. The traveller chooses the less travelled road even though it may be full of dangers and difficulties; but real experience and knowledge in life can be achieved through dangers and difficulties.

4. According to you, what does the speaker mean by the last line of the poem?
Ans.: The last two lines of the poem "I took the one less diverged in a wood, and I— / And that made all the difference." have a deep autobiographical note. They deal with the poet’s actual life. The speaker of the poem selects the ‘less travelled’ road, as the poet chose the less travelled road of poetry. This choice made all the difference in the poet’s selection of becoming a poet in life. The expression has a deep significance in the context of the poet’s real life. One cannot have the best of everything. One's course and destination in life depend on what one chooses in life. In these two lines, the speaker says why and how he had chosen the road which was less travelled. This choice of selecting the ‘less travelled’ road made ‘all the difference’ not only in his present life but will also affect his future life. It affected not only his material life on this earth but also his spiritual life after death.

5. "Yet knowing how way leads on to way" is a comment about the nature of a person's life. Elaborate.
Ans.: The line ‘Yet knowing how way leads to way’ is the penultimate line of the third stanza of the poem. In this line, the writer wants to give the message to the readers about the significance of choice-making in one’s life. Here, the poet says that choices cannot be changed once accepted and followed in life. But the selection of a choice has a great influence on one’s life. The influence remains not only in the whole course of a man's life but also after death. The speaker in the poem says that the two roads lay in front of him, both equally covered with leaves, but the second one seems not to have been used by many people. The speaker travelled on the ‘less travelled’ road, like the poet travelled on the less travelled road of poetry. The selection of a choice makes all the difference in one’s life. It is not possible in the future to change the consequences of one’s selected choice. But real experience and knowledge in one’s life come only by facing dangers and difficulties.

C. Answer the following in about 300 words each.

1. How vital a role does nature play in the poem? Does Frost use nature to add to the conflict the traveller faces?
Ans.: Nature plays a vital role in Robert Frost’s poem “The Road Not Taken.” There are many choices in one’s life, but one can select only one, which is explained by the poet with the help of two roads in a forest. One is meant for the ordinary person, which is depicted in the poem as the much-travelled path. The other is meant for extraordinary people like the narrator of the poem (poet), who like to do something new.

“The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost has a forest as its setting. The narrator of the poem has two roads before him. The two roads head in different directions. He chooses one road and rejects the other. The traveller/speaker chooses the one that is less travelled. Both the roads looked equally attractive to the poet. But he decides to take the less frequented one. If he had taken the beaten path, he could be sure of reaching somewhere. He would not have to face many dangers and difficulties. But he took the least travelled road.

In this poem, there is a traveller. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood. He stood there for a long time. He looked down. Actually, he had come to the junction of two roads. The roads were branching away from one another. The poet was a single traveller. So far as the use of either road by travellers was concerned, both had been frequently used by them and looked worn out and broken to the same extent.

The narrator of the poem is a man of courage. He does not believe in taking the easy way of life. He knows that great achievements require hard labour and hazards of life. Only lesser men follow the beaten track. Hostile nature did not dampen his spirits. He decided to take the thorny path of life. The less frequented road was chosen by him. The poet wanted to choose the profession of becoming a poet. The gauntlet thrown by nature played a vital role in his life.

Q2. There is a spirit of regret and longing in the poem. Discuss.
Ans.: The poem “The Road Not Taken” is written by Robert Frost and is full of the spirit of regret and longing. There is a spirit of regret and longing in the poem since the narrator of the poem has a dilemma about the choice of selecting the path. He is in a dilemma to decide between two roads while travelling and keeps on thinking what if he has chosen the wrong path.

This poem is dedicated by Robert Frost to his close English friend, Edward Thomas, with whom he took many walks while he lived in England. The poem's general idea, in Frost's own words, is that “whichever way they go, they are sure to miss something good on the other path.” According to this explanation, the speaker's uncertainty and his expected gloomy approach towards taking only one of the roads and missing the other indicate a strong sense of 'regret' and ‘longing’.

The main idea of the poem is that we are presented with different choices in our lives. He expresses that several times throughout the poem. We all want to lead a tremendous ‘longing’ life. The regret and longing start from the first line till the end of the poem; the poet has to choose a single path.

The poet is not convinced he made the right choice, so he is going to ‘regret’ and ‘long’ for it all his life. He presents here the difficulty and importance of having to make a choice in life without ‘regret’ and ‘longing’ in future life. It is not possible to do anything except to regret and long for one's wrong choice, which haunts throughout life. One has to accept the consequences of his choice, which may affect not only one’s present but also the future.

2. Nissim Ezekiel: “Night of the Scorpion”

Introduction: Nissim Ezekiel is a love-poet, which is depicted in this poetry. In his poetry, he has dealt with a variety of love experiences. He is essentially a poet with a well-marked Indian sensibility. Being Indian, he had firsthand knowledge of India, which he depicted with the weapon of poetry. “Night of the Scorpion” was originally published in Ezekiel’s 1965 collection, “The Exact Name.” This displays a new and artistic talent in Ezekiel's poetry. This writing is considered with high praise due to its simple elocution and full explanation of difficult Indian concepts about tradition and culture. It brings forth the essence of human nature and presents a real image of rustic India in contrast to the town, the position of women in society, and other important themes of Indian society.

The poem begins with a remembrance of the time the poet’s mother was stung by a scorpion and how the “diabolic” creature created a commotion and fear in his home. In short, Nissim Ezekiel's poem "Night of the Scorpion" describes the reaction of the people when his mother was stung by a scorpion. They are quite ignorant people who view the incident in their own way. The poet wants to create awareness in the minds of the readers about the ignorance and superstitions that still have their grip on the minds of the masses of India. It is an attempt to reform these ignorant and superstitious beliefs.

Summary: In this poem, the poet Nissim Ezekiel tells a story from his childhood in which his mother was bitten by a scorpion. The poem is about an event that has haunted the poet throughout his life. One night, a scorpion bit his mother, and all the superstitious citizens of the village did illogical things rather than serving and curing her. The poem exposes the superstitions that dominate the minds of Indians. The poem has no rhyme scheme. It has eight stanzas with a different number of lines.

The poem begins with a simple declaration: "I remember the night my mother was stung by a scorpion." The scorpion had entered the speaker's home because it wanted to hide from the rain. When it bit the speaker's mother, it was hiding beneath a sack of rice. The superstitious villagers came to help his mother and were united in sympathizing with her pain. These superstitious villagers tried to soothe her by giving different explanations about how the pain would rid her of her sins from her previous life. The pain would help in making her next birth more fortunate. They said that the scorpion's poison would purify her blood and make her free of worldly attachments.

The speaker’s mother gained consciousness; she broke the silence with a prayer to God. She was grateful to the Almighty for sparing her children from the excruciating sting. This depicts how much she loved her children.

Textual Questions

Comprehension

A. Answer the following in a single word, phrase, or sentence.

Where was the scorpion in the poem?
Ans.: The scorpion was in the speaker’s house under a sack of rice.
What are the peasants compared to?
Ans.: Peasants are compared to ‘swarms of flies’.
Who is the 'Evil One'?
Ans.: In the poem, the scorpion is the ‘Evil One’.
What is the ‘peace of understanding' referred to?
Ans.: The ‘peace of understanding’ refers to the calmness of the speaker’s neighbours.
How long did it take for the poison to lose ‘its sting’?
Ans.: The poison takes twenty hours to lose ‘its sting’.
What drove the scorpion to hide under the sack of rice?
Ans.: The steady rain outside drove the scorpion to hide under the sack of rice.
What do the peasants try to do once they come into the home?
Ans.: They give their superstitious and illogical reasons about the mother’s pain.
What did the peasants say happened with every movement that the scorpion made?
Ans.: Peasants relate the pain of the mother with the movement of the scorpion.

B. Answer the following in about 150 words each.

1. At one point the peasants sit around the speaker's mother with the peace of understanding on each face. Explain the circumstances that must have lent themselves to this attitude.
Ans.: The neighbouring peasants sit around the speaker’s mother with the peace of understanding on each face. All of them have come out of their houses to the house of the narrator when his mother was stung by a scorpion. They show sympathy for the narrator's mother in her pain. They wished that the scorpion might sit still so that the poison might not spread in her body. This is the main reason they sit around her with the peace of understanding on each face. They prayed that her body and soul might be purified of all desires so she might get happiness in her next birth. They chanted the name of God again and again in order to end the effect of the scorpion's sting. The scorpion was a devil that could be rendered ineffective only by this method, they thought. Then they planned another device to relieve the woman's pain. They began to search for the scorpion in order to kill it. These are the circumstances that must have led the peasants to this attitude.

2. Bring out the Indianness of the poem by referring to particular words and images used by the poet.
Ans.: In his poems, Indian culture or the theme of Indianness is most dominant in theme as well as in structure. All members of society, such as villagers, father, and son, help the woman in their own way, like Indian people help each other. Firstly, the speaker or poet himself is a devoted son of the Indian soil who depicts the painful incident of his mother in the form of a poem and makes this incident memorable for all.

There are the peasants, who are represented as a collective mass of India. They are believers in Hindu concepts like “previous birth” and “afterlife,” along with the spiritual purification process through suffering. They come running like swarms of bees. They are superstitious people, but their hearts are full of true sympathy. Their beliefs and views are typically Indian. Their sympathetic hearts are also typically Indian. The holy man trying to tame the poison reflects the typical Indian priest.

The father was loving and a caretaker of his wife and serves her like a good Indian husband. He is an educated man. He made use of paraffin and a burning matchstick to destroy the effect of the scorpion's sting.

We also get a picture of Indian motherhood in the main character or protagonist of the poem, i.e., the mother. After having suffered the pain of the sting for twenty-four hours, the mother is thankful to God that only she has suffered and her children are safe.

3. How does the poet transform the ordinary event of a woman being stung by a scorpion into a subject for poetry? Consider the role of the peasants in the light of this.
Ans.: On the surface level, the story of the poem is an ordinary event of a woman being stung by a scorpion, which is transformed by the poet into a subject for his poetry. It narrates the story of a rainy night in a village when the narrator's mother (the child’s mother) is bitten by a scorpion. In this poem, the peasants have played the most important role in all respects.

The peasants or villagers come to know that the narrator's mother has been stung by a scorpion. They come running like swarms of bees. They are superstitious people, but their hearts are full of true sympathy. Their beliefs and views are typically Indian. They show sympathy for the narrator's mother in her pain. They wished that the scorpion might sit still so that the poison might not spread in her body. This is the main reason they wanted to find the scorpion. They prayed that her body and soul might be purified of all desires so she might get happiness in her next birth.

At a deeper level, the poem presents a fascinating world of illiterate and superstitious peasants who are sincere to the core and full of sympathy.

C. Answer the following in about 300 words each.

1. Superstition acts as the base of the experience described in "The Night of the Scorpion." Examine this attitude against the rationality of the father in the poem.
Ans.: Nissim Ezekiel’s poem “The Night of the Scorpion” is one of the most significant poems in the complete length of Indian English poetry about superstition. The poem highlights superstitious elements loaded in Indian society in a manner that is at once detached and interesting. The poem can be read as an enlightening study in Indian culture, which frequently flourishes on superstitions. This superstition acts as the base of the experience described by Ezekiel in his poem "The Night of the Scorpion.”

The poem exposes the superstitions that dominate the minds of Indians. The poet narrates in this poem the superstitious incident which happened with his mother when she was bitten by a scorpion. All the villagers came out of their homes to help her. The way the villagers crowded the house takes us back to the conventional busy life of Indian villagers. According to this poem, modern scientific treatment was, till that time, not known to the villagers.

The poem begins with a remembrance of the time when the poet’s mother was stung by a scorpion and the way her being stung by the scorpion was related to different superstitious things. The scorpion had entered the speaker's home because it wanted to hide from the rain. When it bit the speaker's mother, it was hiding beneath a sack of rice. The superstitious villagers came to help his mother and were united to sympathize with her pain. These superstitious villagers tried to soothe her by giving different explanations about how the pain would rid her of her sins from her previous life. The pain would help in making her next birth more fortunate. They said that the scorpion's poison would purify her blood and make her free of worldly attachments. The speaker’s mother gained consciousness; she broke the silence with a prayer to God. She was grateful to the Almighty for sparing her children from the excruciating sting. This depicts that she was also superstitious, and she thinks that if the scorpion had not bitten her, it might have bitten her children.

The father of the speaker, or the husband of the woman, was a rationalist. He did not share the views of the inexperienced villagers. Hence, he applied powder, mixtures, and herbs to the bitten spot. He also poured paraffin and put a match to it. He stood for reason, unlike all others on the scene.

2. Through the actions and the behavior of the peasants, Ezekiel evokes a whole world of myth and philosophy. Discuss this.
Ans.: Myth gives answers to the fundamental aspects of tradition and beliefs, whereas philosophy gives answers to the fundamental nature of knowledge and reality. India is a land of superstitions. The educated classes may be rational, but by and large, we are a tradition-bound and superstitious society. The major portion of the villagers believes more in myths than in philosophy. The peasants were rooted in a philosophy of superstition, which Ezekiel wants to evoke as a whole world of myth and philosophy through the actions and the behavior of the peasants.

The peasants who ran to the house of the lady stung by a scorpion believed in a philosophy of superstition. They thought that the pain of the scorpion's poison would purify the mother's soul and help her in the next world. They also said that it would reduce the sum of evil in this world. All these were mere superstitions. The child's father is a rationalist. He tries to apply some herbs to the lady’s toe. He makes use of paraffin to burn the stung portion away. His approach to the sting of the scorpion is rational. The reactions of the peasants are based on superstition, whereas the approach of the child's father is rational. Through this poem, Ezekiel wants to inform us that most villagers in India are superstitious and they believe more in myths than in philosophy, which is depicted by him through the actions and the behavior of the peasants. The educated classes have got rid of superstition, and their approach to such situations is rational. The poet seems to be criticising superstitious villagers. He has pity for the innocent and ignorant people. He wants Indian society to get rid of these meaningless superstitions.

There are some glimpses of philosophy also in Indian villages, which are represented by the father in the poem. The father was a sceptic and made true use of philosophy. He is an educated man. He was free from any kind of superstition. He believed in the power of medicines to cure a wound or sting. So, he made use of suitable medicines for the affected toe of his wife. He made use of paraffin and a burning matchstick to destroy the effect of the scorpion's sting.

Unit II: Short Story
The Lost Child (Mulk Raj Anand)

Introduction of the story:
Famous Indian English author, Mulk Raj Anand, has written the well-messaged short story “The Lost Child”. The story is about a small kid who gets lost in a fair. This short story deals with the incidents of a child who goes to a fair with his parents. He is happy and excited and wants the sweets, toys, flowers, etc., like other children. He asks for toys, sweets, flowers, etc., from his parents, but they don’t buy them for him. When the child gets lost later, he refuses to accept the things he asked for earlier and persists in getting back to his father and mother. The story “The Lost Child” is described by a third-person speaker who does not interrupt the action. He is an objective spectator telling, narrating, and recording the events himself.

Summary of the story:
The story starts in the early morning of spring in a village. The village people, dressed in new colored clothes, start out to visit the temple fair. A couple takes their child with them to the fair. The child, with his parents, is eager and gay. As a child, the boy is fascinated by the toy shops. As a child, he wants to buy the toys, but his father gets annoyed when he demands to buy them. His mother, however, is in a pleasing temper and tries to divert his attention by showing him other natural things such as fields, flies, trees, and the sun, etc. The boy is delighted with the dragonflies, butterflies, and the lone black bee in the mustard fields. He also becomes absorbed with the insects and worms on the road. His parents call him and then lift him up before going on towards the fair.

When they reach the fair, the child likes and wants different things such as sweets (gulab jamun, rasgulla, burfi, and jalebies), balloons, and a garland of gulmohur, etc. He does not express his wish to his parents because he knows that they will not give him these things. When the boy reaches near the swirling, he wants to have a trip on it and turns around courageously to get consent from his parents for a ride on it. But when he looks, unfortunately, he realizes that he has lost his parents. He starts crying, and tears start flowing from his eyes. Being terrified, he pleads for help but does not know what to do and how to search for his parents. His turban becomes loose, and his clothes become dirty due to mud. He searches for his parents all over the place but is not able to find them. He goes near the temple in the crowd, where he is picked up by a kind man. The man tries to calm him and offers him all the things he had wanted one after the other, but the child is terribly upset and wants nothing but his parents.

Textual Questions:

Comprehension

A. Answer the following in a single word, phrase, or sentence each.

Why does the child often lag behind?
Ans.: He is fascinated towards the toy shops and wants these toys, so he often lags behind.
What does the child's mother point out to distract him?
Ans.: She tries to distract the child’s attention with natural things such as fields, flies, trees, and the sun, etc.
Why does the child eventually stop asking for the things he desires?
Ans.: When he comes to know that he is lost, he is not able to find his parents.
When does the child first discover that his parents are missing?
Ans.: When he reaches near the swirling and wants to take consent from his parents for playing there.
Where does the man discover the child?
Ans.: He discovers the child in the temple among the crowd.
How is the child brought to the man's notice?
Ans.: He comes to the notice of the man when he is weeping bitterly.

B. Answer the following in about 150 words each.

1. What are the things the child sees on his way to the fair? How do his parents respond to this?
Ans.: On his way to the fair, the child first comes upon toy shops that are lined on the way. In an attempt to distract the child, his mother shows him the golden mustard field, full of dragonflies intercepting the flight of a lone black bee. There are also butterflies fluttering about in search of nectar. He also sees insects and worms which come out to enjoy the spring sunshine. He asks for toys, sweets, flowers, etc., from his parents, but they don’t buy them for him.

2. What things does the child desire in the fair?
Ans.: The child sees many things at the fair, such as sweets like gulab jamun, rasgulla, burfi, and jalebies. He wants to have burfi as it is his favourite. Next, he yearns for a garland of gulmohur, followed by tempting rainbow-coloured balloons. Then he takes a fancy to the snake charmer’s music. Finally, he badly wants to have a ride on the roundabout.

3. How have the lost child's anxiety and fear been described?
Ans.: The child’s anxiety and fear have been brought about in an expressive manner. On finding out that he has lost his way, the boy cries out, and tears start rolling from his eyes. Panic-stricken, he runs about hither and thither, not knowing where to go or what to do. His yellow turban becomes untied, and his clothes become mud-stained.

4. Why does the lost child lose interest in the things he wanted earlier?
Ans.: The lost child does not take interest in the things that he had demanded from his parents. When he gets lost, he refuses to accept the things he asked for earlier and persists in getting back to his father and mother. In short, the things which the child wished have no value when he has lost his parents, who are more precious than anything else, and he wants them back.

C. Answer the following in about 300 words each.

1. Describe how the story manages to immerse the reader in the child's feelings over the course of the story.
Ans.: This short story, “The Lost Child,” deals with the incidents of a child who goes to a fair with his parents and immerses all the readers’ feelings with the child. The child is happy and excited and wants the sweets, toys, flowers, etc., displayed at the fair. As a child, like other children, he asks for toys, sweets, flowers, etc., from his parents, but they don’t buy them for him. It is natural that all the readers will immerse themselves in the child’s feelings, as those feelings are not fulfilled by his own parents. When the child gets lost later, he refuses to accept the things he asked for earlier and persists in getting back to his parents; this may remind the readers of the affection of their own children.

When the reader starts to read about the child who is fascinated towards different things at the fair, their emotions immerse with him over the course of the story. As a child, he wants to buy the toys, but his father gets annoyed when he demands to buy them. His mother, however, is in a pleasing temper and tries to divert his attention by showing him other natural things such as fields, flies, trees, and the sun, etc. The boy is delighted with the dragonflies, butterflies, and the lone black bee in the mustard fields. He also becomes absorbed with the insects and worms on the road. His parents call him and then lift him up before going on towards the fair. When they reach the fair, the child likes and wants different things such as sweets, balloons, and a garland of gulmohur, etc. He does not express his wish to his parents because he knows that they will not give him these things; at this time, the reader will immerse in the feelings of the child.

When the boy reaches near the swirling, he wants to have a trip on it and turns around courageously to get consent from his parents for a ride on it. But when he looks, unfortunately, he realizes that he has lost his parents. He starts crying, and tears continue to flow from his eyes. Being terrified, he pleads for help but does not know what to do and how to search for his parents. His turban becomes loose, and his clothes become dirty due to mud. He searches for his parents all over the place but is not able to find them. The ending of the story has deeply immersed all the readers into the child’s feelings because it is more tragic that a child rejects all that he wanted for the sake of his parents.

2. How does Mulk Raj Anand bring out the rural flavor through this story?
Ans.: Mulk Raj Anand was one of the first Indian English writers. He is regarded as one of the founding figures of Indian English literature. He is prominent for his stories associated with the customary society and the deprived class of rural society. He wrote mostly about the lives of the poor, exploited rural Indian people and about social evils like the caste system, untouchability, and communalism, which were more prevalent in rural societies.

Mulk Raj Anand brings out the rural flavor throughout the story “The Lost Child”. The setting of the story is a village and has the full flavor of rural life throughout the story. The story starts in the early morning of spring in a village. The village people, dressed in new colored clothes, start out to visit the temple fair. A couple takes their child with them to the fair. The child, with his parents, is eager and gay. As a child, the boy is fascinated towards the toy shops. As a child, he wants to buy the toys, but his father gets annoyed when he demands to buy them. His mother, however, is in a pleasing temper and tries to divert his attention by showing him other natural things such as fields, flies, trees, and the sun, etc. The boy is delighted with the dragonflies, butterflies, and the lone black bee in the mustard fields. He also becomes absorbed with the insects and worms on the road. His parents call him and then lift him up before going on towards the fair. When they reach the fair, the child likes and wants different things. When the boy reaches near the swirling, he wants to have a trip on it and turns around courageously to get consent from his parents for a ride on it. But when he looks, unfortunately, he realizes that he has lost his parents. He goes near the temple in the crowd, where he is picked up by a kind man. The man tries to calm him and offers him all the things he had wanted one after the other, but the child is terribly upset and wants nothing but his parents.

In short, the setting as well as the theme and message bring out the rural flavor when we study this story.

The Loaded Dog

Introduction:
"The Loaded Dog" is written by Henry Lawson. This was first published in the collection Joe Wilson and His Mates in 1901. This is a comical short story about three gold miners and their dog. The story is like most of Lawson’s writing; it is a portion of a life event from the bush, i.e., the Australian outback. There are three men, Andy Page, Jim Bentley, and Dave Regan, who are gold miners and live in the Australian bushes. They mine gold using the technique of shaft mining. In this story, three gold miners are working jointly, digging for gold and like to go fishing in their spare time. When the fish stop biting, they decide to catch them by making a bomb and make use of the bomb in the water. The dog picks up the bomb, by chance lights the fuse as he runs past the campfire, and has great fun pursuing the men around the gold fields trying to give it back. So, the story revolves around three gold miners and their dog, and the ridiculous consequences of a bomb cartridge left unattended.

Summary:
At the opening of the story, we see the three men (Andy Page, Jim Bentley, and Dave Regan) searching for gold at a place known as Stony Creek. Stony Creek is a place where there is shallow water. The three men know that rich gold quartz reefs are somewhere around that place. To make a shaft, the three men dig a hole as deep as possible, light the fuse of the cartridge, and get out immediately. This results in the formation of a large hole with lots of rocks blown up. They dig a deep hole, light the fuse of the cartridge, and get out at once. This results in the formation of a large hole with lots of rocks blown up. They find there a large number of fish. All of them like the fish to eat. They want to catch more fish as they have consent with a butcher for mutual exchange of fish for meat.

There comes an idea to Dave that they will blow the water hole with a cartridge so they can catch more fish easily. As his friend Andy likes the plan, they apply this for catching the fish. Andy makes a large cartridge, and he makes use of gunpowder which he has brought from Sydney. On Dave's suggestion, Andy puts the cartridge into sail canvas, and to increase the force of the explosion, he pastes thick brown paper around it. After letting the paper dry, he puts more canvas layers around it and ties it with fishing wire. To be even surer, Andy and Dave dip the cartridge in tallow or beeswax and bind it with fencing wire.

One day Dave and Jim go for work, and Andy stays back at their tent to cook. Their pet dog Tommy, which is a big black young retriever, stays with Andy and watches him work on the cartridge.

Once, Andy threw away a dead cat from the tent, but the next morning Tommy brings it back into the tent. Tommy retrieves everything and puts it in the tent when the friends are out for swimming in the river. If not retrieving, Tommy goes swimming along with the friends and catches their hands with its mouth or scratches their backs. So, if the friends want to enjoy a good swim, they have to tie their dog. However, all of them love Tommy’s heartedness and foolishness. Andy, putting the cartridge aside near the tent peg, starts his cooking work. Tommy then goes to see Dave and Jim, leaving Andy alone. Even while cooking, Andy continuously plans to make the cartridge better. He sees a treacle tin which has a thin neck and thinks that it makes the perfect case for the cartridge. He plans to fill the tin with sand and stones to increase the explosion.

Meanwhile, Jim and Dave come to the tent along with Tommy, and they relax by the fireside. Tommy, having not seen the cartridge, goes nosing around the tent to find it. As usual, after finding the cartridge, it brings it back to Andy, but on its way the fuse of the cartridge gets lit up by the fire on which Andy is cooking. Dave and Jim shout at Andy and ask him to run. Andy, seeing Tommy carrying the spluttering cartridge, runs even before his brain can respond to the situation. The three friends run for their lives, and Tommy runs behind them holding the cartridge in its mouth, thinking all this to be a game. They all run in circles, with Jim screaming at Dave not to follow him, Dave screaming at Andy to spread out in another direction, and Andy screaming at Tommy to go back home.

Andy then stops and kicks Tommy as hard as he can, but Tommy avoids it and starts running again. Andy throws stones and sticks at Tommy, but in vain. Tommy, thinking that he had made a mistake in following Andy, runs behind Dave. Dave, having noticed the length of the fuse, snatches the cartridge from Tommy's mouth and throws it far. Tommy runs to the fuse and, after safely getting it back, runs after Jim. Tommy gets eager; it starts shaking its tail and plans to place the cartridge under the seedling. To save his life, Jim climbs the tree even higher. The tree breaks, and Jim falls to the ground and lands on his feet.

Jim starts running, and Tommy follows him like his own shadow. Jim loses his control and falls into a digger's hole. Tommy stands above the hole and thinks it would be nice naughtiness to drop the cartridge inside the hole. Jim shouts and abuses Tommy, so it goes behind Dave. Dave hides behind a log, flat on his face to avoid being found by Tommy. Dave then runs towards a shanty where many Bushmen reconstruct themselves. He enters the shanty and announces to everyone about Tommy and the cartridge. When Tommy is not able to open the front door, which is shut, he enters from the back door. When they see Tommy again, they start crying, but the dog calms them. Both the Bushmen and Dave hide themselves in the wash house.

As all the men are frightened, they scold Dave for having come there and creating chaos and confusion. Tommy goes towards the kitchen; on his way comes a yellow mongrel cattle dog. The cattle dog attacks Tommy by holding him and bites him. Tommy drops the cartridge, gives a great shriek, and runs from there into the bush. The yellow cattle dog follows him for a while and returns to see the object Tommy has dropped. In that surrounding area, all of the dogs are terrified, so they leave that place until the next evening. There was another dog, which was one-eyed, who had taken interest in the cartridge next to the yellow dog and is left with hatred for the smell of gunpowder forever. Some Bushmen say that whenever they bring a ramrod near its nose, it runs away into the bushes and does not return at least for a day.

After some time, some of the liberal Bushmen make fun of Dave whenever they see him. Tommy, as usual, has a smile on its face for all the fun. In the end, Tommy gives the smile of pleasure, perhaps because it is pleased for making everybody laugh. Tommy did not know what type of blunder was done by it.

Textual Questions:

A. Answer the following in a single word, phrase or sentence each.

What were Dave, Jim and Andy doing in Stony Creek?
Ans. The trio, Dave, Jim, and Andy, were searching for gold in Stony Creek.
What was Dave's idea?
Ans. Dave’s idea was to use a cartridge for catching fish.
Who executed plans among the trio?
Ans. Andy executed the plans among the trio.
Why did Dave run away all of a sudden?
Ans. Dave ran away because the dog Tommy was carrying the spluttering cartridge in its mouth and was chasing him.
What was the dog's reaction to the trio running away?
Ans. The dog was chasing the trio like their shadow because it took this as a playing game.
What did Jim do to escape from the dog?
Ans. Jim ran as fast as he could, and finally he climbed a tree to escape from the dog.
What happened when Tommy went into the bar?
Ans. All the people in the bar hid in the wash house to save their lives.
How was the entire incident remembered afterwards?
Ans. Not only humans but also animals were terrified, and the liberal Bushmen made fun of it.

B. Answer the following in about 150 words each.

1. What procedure did the trio follow for mining gold?
Ans. The trio in the story is Dave Regan, Andy Page, and Jim Bentley. The party is fond of fish, and Andy and Dave are fond of fishing. One day in the middle of winter, Dave, Andy, and Jim are working on sinking shafts—a particularly dangerous form of mining that involves creating a near-vertical tunnel to the bottom of the mine by using explosive cartridges. Because they are near Stony Creek, and because Andy and Dave are devoted fishermen, Dave comes up with a way that they could catch many fish at once: if they blow up the riverbed with one of their mining cartridges, they could kill a lot of fish, some to eat and some to trade to the butcher for meat. Jim thinks this idea is “damned silliness” and wants nothing to do with it. But Andy is always game for whatever Dave comes up with, even if he sometimes ends up taking the blame when Dave’s theories don’t pan out. Back at their camp, Andy starts to work on setting up a cartridge to put in the river. This involves creating a cartridge three times the normal width and then wrapping it in canvas and brown paper to increase the size of the explosion. But in the middle of his preparations, the men’s dog Tommy interrupts the procedure the trio follow for mining gold.

2. Describe the trio's dog.
Ans. The trio in the story had a dog, Tommy, with them. The dog itself is one of the vital characters in the story because everything goes unexpectedly when the dog steals the cartridge and chases the men with it. Tommy is the pet dog of three miner friends. It is a foolish young Golden Retriever which takes the life of its human mates as a joke. He has the habit of slobbering and lashing the legs of his friends with his tail. Tommy goes swimming along with the trio and catches their hands with its mouth or scratches their backs. So, if the trio wants to enjoy a good swim, they have to tie their dog. However, the trio loves Tommy’s heartedness and foolishness. He has a smile on his face as if he is proud of his foolishness. His habit of retrieving everything lands him and his friends into trouble. He creates panic in the story as he carries a cartridge in his mouth and chases his friends. Tommy, with ignorance, does not perceive even for a while the danger which he is carrying. So, he is really foolish.

3. How did the people gathered in the bar attempt to escape from the bomb?
Ans. In the story, when the dog follows Dave, he enters a bar where many Bushmen reconstruct themselves. He enters the bar and announces to everyone about Tommy and the cartridge. When they see Tommy, all in the bar start crying, but the dog calms them. Both the Bushmen and Dave hide themselves in the wash house. As all the men are frightened, they hide and gather in the bar to escape from the explosion of the bomb in the bar. They scold Dave for having come there and creating chaos and confusion. All the men in the bar gather there because they want to save their lives from the explosion of the bomb. Tommy goes towards the kitchen; on his way comes a yellow mongrel cattle dog. The cattle dog attacks Tommy by holding him and bites him. Tommy drops the cartridge, gives a great shriek, and runs from there into the bush. Tommy, as usual, has a smile on his face for all the fun. Tommy did not know what type of blunder was done by it.

4. How did the bomb's explosion affect the animals in the story?
Ans. The bomb’s explosion affects all the animals in the story directly or indirectly, except Tommy. All the animals in the story have been frightened by the bomb’s explosion. When Tommy enters towards the kitchen of the shanty, on his way comes a yellow mongrel cattle dog. The cattle dog attacks Tommy by holding him and bites him. Tommy drops the cartridge, gives a great shriek, and runs from there into the bush. The yellow cattle dog follows him for a while and returns to see the object Tommy has dropped. In that surrounding area, all of the dogs are terrified, so they leave that place until the next evening. There was another dog which was one-eyed, who had taken interest in the cartridge next to the yellow dog and is left with hatred for the smell of gunpowder forever. Some Bushmen say that whenever they bring a ramrod near its nose, it runs away into the bushes and does not return at least for a day. In the end, Tommy gives a smile of pleasure, perhaps because it is pleased for making everybody laugh. Tommy did not know what type of blunder was done by it.

5. What does the trio's reaction to the after-effects of the bomb's explosion reveal about them?
Ans. The trio reacts very humbly to the dog even after the bomb’s explosion, but they have fear like every man for its type of attitude. He is ignorant of the danger it carries and just tries to be playful. Fear attacks him in the form of a yellow mongrel cattle dog near the pub. He is terrified on seeing the yellow dog, and his fear saves him from being killed by the cartridge. They apologize for the uproar, while Tommy goes back to camp “smiling his broadest, longest, and reddest smile of amiability, and apparently satisfied for one afternoon with the fun he’d had.” For a long time afterward, any time one of the Bushmen encounters Dave, they ask him how fishing is going. Dave decides to apologise later on, “when things had settled a bit,” and goes back to camp. And the dog that had done it all, ‘Tommy’, the great, idiotic mongrel retriever, comes slobbering round Dave and lashing his legs with his tail, and trots home after him, smiling his broadest, longest, and reddest smile of amiability, and apparently satisfied for one afternoon with the fun he’d had. Andy chains the dog up securely and cooks some more chops, while Dave goes to help Jim out of the hole.

C. Answer the following in about 300 words each.

1. What kind of comedy is employed in the story? Explain your reasons for your choice.
Ans. The whole story of this play is comic and humorous. It is planned as a comedic tall tale, but the basic situation sets up a hardship for the men at the center of the story. It highlights the very real efforts those living that kind of life face in everyday life. Likewise, the easy friendship between the men and their dependence upon one another reminds us of the value of strong social bonds within such a self-supportive community. In this comic story, three gold miners discover a new way to catch a lot of fish and then find that their discovery fails as their dog gets a grip of it. So, the story revolves around three gold miners and their dog, and the comic consequences of a bomb cartridge left unattended. The men are working jointly, digging for gold and like to go fishing in their spare time. When the fish stop biting, they decide to catch them by making a bomb and make use of the bomb in the water. The dog picks up the bomb, by chance lights the fuse as he runs past the campfire, and has great fun pursuing the men around the gold fields trying to give it back. The plot and structure of the play have many elements of comedy.

All the important characters are comic and help to make this play a great comedy. The dog, Tommy, is a humorous character in the story because everything goes unexpectedly when the dog steals the cartridge and chases the men with it. It is a foolish young Golden Retriever which takes the life of its human mates as a joke. It has the habit of slobbering and lashing the legs of his friends with its tail. It has a smile on its face as if it is proud of its foolishness. Dave is one of the three men “sinking the shaft” at Stony Creek in the story. He is a careless, comic gold miner who loves fishing. It is his idea to use a cartridge to catch fish, which helps to make the play into a great comedy. Andy Page is also a comic gold miner and, like his friend Dave, Andy likes fishing. He puts Dave’s theories into practice if they are feasible, or bears the blame for the failure and the mocking of his mates if they are not feasible.

2. How does Lawson's story go against the established norms of the rural idyll?
Ans. Idyll is a plain, eloquent work in poetry or prose that deals with rural life or rural scenes or advocates a mood of calm and pleasure. In other words, an idyll is neither a poem nor a description but shares qualities of both. The ‘rural idyll’ is considered to be the generally erected and usually shared romanticized image, or representation of life in villages, frequently shown as a place where the world is still exact and unaltered by overall changes. The established norms of the rural idyll are its brevity and charming effect.

In this story, Lawson goes against the established norms of the rural idyll. The structure and plot of the story do not follow the established norms of the rural idyll. There is third-person, omniscient narration. The play has a linear structure. There is a mix of short sentences and long descriptive paragraphs. There is shifting between long descriptive paragraphs and short sentences like “Dave got an idea,” which creates and grabs the attention of the reader. Three men are mining at a close claim and camping in the bush. After deciding that they would like to go fishing, they discover a way to fish using their mining skills and decide to blow up the fish in the waterhole. They set about creating a cartridge, but before they can test their fishing ability, the retriever dog steals the lit cartridge, chasing the men with it before finally causing chaos in the town. This is set during the Gold Rush age. However, the humorous elements hide the harsh living conditions of the characters.

The story has uncertainty in many respects, as it is full of unexpected events. Nothing in the story happens as planned. The three friends, who are important characters of the story, are in search of gold, but no one knows whether they will find gold or not. Also, Tommy takes the cartridge which is actually made to blast the surface of Stony Creek to catch fish. All are uncertain about what will happen within minutes, but suddenly a yellow dog enters the story, and it gets killed. In short, it is clear from the above that most of the story goes against the established norms of the rural idyll.

Unit III: Language in Use

1. Reading Comprehension

Exercises

A. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

After a light breakfast of a few biscuits and half a slab of chocolate, I left my tent around 5:30 a.m. Ang Dorjee was standing outside. No one else was about. Ang Dorjee was going to climb without oxygen. But because of this, his feet would get very cold. He thus wanted to avoid long exposure at heights and a night at the South Col Camp. He had, therefore, to either get to the peak and back to the South Col the same day or abandon the attempt.

He was keen to start immediately and asked if I would like to go with him. Going to the top from the South Col and back in a day would be strenuous and tough, and there was the risk of Ang Dorjee turning back if his feet got too cold. I, however, had full confidence in Ang Dorjee as well as in my stamina and climbing capability. Besides, no one else was ready to move at that time.

Questions:

1. When was Ang Dorjee going to climb?
In the morning.

2. What would happen if Ang Dorjee climbed without oxygen?
If Ang Dorjee climbed without oxygen, his feet would get very cold.

3. What would be strenuous and tough for Ang Dorjee?
Going to the top from the South Col and back on the same day.

4. What was the risk in going to the top from the South Col? Why?
There was the risk of turning back while going to the top from the South Col because his feet could get cold.

5. Locate synonyms of the following words from the passage:
a. Instantly
b. Tiring

Synonyms:
a. Immediately
b. Strenuous

B. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

That evening, the ill-natured man had a strange feeling—something which he had never felt before. And his wife gave him a strange look as he said, “Peg, Farmer Green has killed me! He said he would, and he has done it.”

Yes, the “enemy” was “killed” without the loss of a single life or the shedding of one drop of blood. He went in the morning to confess his ingratitude to his kind neighbour and to ask his forgiveness, and the very man who had been noted for nothing but his wickedness became the friend of all.

There is the greatest difference in the world between conquering by power and conquering by kindness. The former is like building a dam across a stream of water. It may stop its flow for a little while, but presently the dam will give way, and then the stream will rush on with more force and fury than ever. Conquering by power is like chaining a lion; conquering by kindness keeps the lion from doing harm by changing his nature and turning him into a lamb.

Questions:

1. When did the ill-natured man experience a strange feeling?
In the evening.

2. Who confessed ingratitude and asked for forgiveness?
The ill-natured man confessed ingratitude and asked for forgiveness.

3. Which two things are like conquering by power?
i. Building a dam across a stream of water
ii. Chaining a lion

4. What keeps the lion from doing harm?
Conquering by kindness keeps the lion from doing harm.

5. Locate synonyms of the following words in the passage:
a. To admit
b. Gentleness

Synonyms:
a. Confess
b. Kindness

C. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

It was terrifying to stand erect on a knife-edge ridge, with a sheer drop on either side. I had to dig my ice-axe deep and secure myself by attaching the waist-strap to the ice-axe head. There was some tricky climbing between the South Summit and what is popularly known as Hillary’s Step. Ang Dorjee and Lhatoo were already over it, but I was still negotiating its vertical face when Ang Dorjee gesticulated towards the top. I was thrilled. The goal was near. With renewed vigour, I was on top of the step in seconds. The sun had made the snow soft, and climbing was easier here than it had been earlier.

We trudged in the heavy, powdery snow for some time. Then the gradient started easing off noticeably. A few steps later, I saw that after only a couple of metres, there was no upward climb. The slope plunged steeply down. My heart stood still. It dawned on me that success was within reach. And at 1:07 p.m. on 23 May 1984, I stood on top of Everest, the first Indian woman to have done so.

Questions:

1. What was there between the South Summit and Hillary’s Step?
There was some tricky climbing.

2. Who had made the snow soft?
The sun had made the snow soft.

3. Why was climbing easier there than it had been earlier?
Climbing was easier there than it had been earlier because the sun had made the snow soft.

4. When did the first Indian woman stand on top of Everest?
On 23 May 1984 at 1:07 p.m.

5. Locate synonyms:
a. Frightening
b. Mountaineering

Synonyms:
a. Terrifying
b. Climbing

2. Paragraph Writing / Essay Writing

Exercises

A. Rearrange each group of jumbled sentences below so as to have well-written paragraphs.

1.

It contains, of course, the meanings of difficult words.
One of the most important reference books that you must possess is a dictionary.
It also gives you the pronunciation of the words.
You do possess one, perhaps, but I doubt whether you are aware of the different kinds of information it contains.
The dictionary can be referred to for the various grammatical forms of words as well.
Every college dictionary should provide at least these four kinds of information about words, namely pronunciation, meaning, grammatical patterns, and usage.
Finally, a good dictionary contains illustrative sentences or phrases, showing how words are actually used.

Rearranged well-written paragraph:
One of the most important reference books that you must possess is a dictionary. You do possess one, perhaps, but I doubt whether you are aware of the different kinds of information it contains. It contains, of course, the meanings of difficult words. It also gives you the pronunciation of the words. The dictionary can be referred to for the various grammatical forms of words as well. Finally, a good dictionary contains illustrative sentences or phrases, showing how words are actually used. Every college dictionary should provide at least these four kinds of information about words, namely pronunciation, meaning, grammatical patterns, and usage.

2.

They are chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. It is allotted from funds bequeathed by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist.
In 1969, economics was added to the list.
Nobel’s will designated six areas for which prizes could be awarded.
Prizes in these seven areas are presented in December every year, in the presence of the King of Sweden, as a fitting tribute to Alfred Nobel.
The Nobel Prize is considered one of the most prestigious awards made to people whose work benefits humanity.
The funds are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm.

Rearranged well-written paragraph:
The Nobel Prize is considered one of the most prestigious awards made to people whose work benefits humanity. It is allotted from funds bequeathed by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist. The funds are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm. Nobel’s will designated six areas for which prizes could be awarded. They are chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. In 1969, economics was added to the list. Prizes in these seven areas are presented in December every year, in the presence of the King of Sweden, as a fitting tribute to Alfred Nobel.

3.

The commercial uses of bamboo are astonishing. India produces over 3 million tonnes of bamboo annually, and nearly half of it is turned into paper.
Another important use of bamboo is in housing.
Concrete reinforced with bamboo can replace even steel in building, for example, suspension bridges.
Scientists at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, are working on the extraction of diesel fuel from the jointed stem of bamboo.
With its network of rhizomes and roots, bamboo also plays an important role in the prevention of soil erosion.

Rearranged well-written paragraph:
India produces over 3 million tonnes of bamboo annually, and nearly half of it is turned into paper. The commercial uses of bamboo are astonishing. Concrete reinforced with bamboo can replace even steel in building, for example, suspension bridges. Another important use of bamboo is in housing. With its network of rhizomes and roots, bamboo also plays an important role in the prevention of soil erosion. Scientists at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, are working on the extraction of diesel fuel from the jointed stem of bamboo.

B. Write a paragraph of about 150 to 250 words on five of the following topics.

1. There’s No Time Like the Present

Procrastination is often a major barrier to success. “There’s no time like the present” underscores the importance of acting immediately rather than delaying. When opportunities arise, seizing them promptly can lead to significant advantages, while postponing action often results in missed chances. In personal and professional realms, immediate action can prevent tasks from piling up and becoming overwhelming. Moreover, addressing issues as they arise can mitigate potential complications and stress. This mindset fosters productivity and a proactive attitude, ensuring that goals are met more efficiently. Ultimately, embracing the present moment encourages decisive actions that pave the way for success and personal growth.

2. Cleanliness is Next to Godliness

The saying “Cleanliness is next to godliness” highlights the significance of maintaining cleanliness in our lives. Clean surroundings reflect a sense of discipline and respect for oneself and others. In a clean environment, individuals are less likely to contract diseases, contributing to overall well-being. Additionally, cleanliness extends beyond physical spaces to personal hygiene and mental clarity. A clean home or workspace can enhance focus and productivity, while personal cleanliness can boost self-esteem and confidence. Thus, cleanliness is not merely about physical tidiness; it is a holistic approach to health, respect, and efficiency in all aspects of life.

3. Actions Speak Louder Than Words

The adage “Actions speak louder than words” emphasizes that what people do is more significant than what they say. While words can express intentions, only actions can demonstrate true commitment and sincerity. In relationships, for example, showing kindness and support is far more impactful than merely professing love or friendship. In the professional world, consistent performance and results weigh more heavily than promises or declarations. This principle serves as a reminder to focus on tangible actions to validate intentions and build trust. Ultimately, actions are the true measure of character and reliability, revealing the essence of one’s promises and beliefs.

4. Practice Makes Perfect

The phrase “Practice makes perfect” conveys the idea that consistent practice leads to mastery. Whether learning a musical instrument, playing a sport, or mastering a new skill, repetition and dedication are key. Through practice, individuals refine their techniques, correct mistakes, and develop a deeper understanding of the task at hand. This process of continuous improvement builds confidence and competence. It also fosters a growth mindset, where challenges are seen as opportunities to improve rather than obstacles. Over time, diligent practice not only enhances performance but also ingrains the habit of perseverance, ultimately leading to excellence and success.

5. Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth

The proverb “Too many cooks spoil the broth” succinctly captures the idea that having too many people involved in a task can lead to inefficiency and poor results. This saying is particularly relevant in various contexts, such as business, project management, and even everyday life.

In a business environment, effective teamwork is crucial. However, when too many individuals attempt to take charge or offer their input on a single task, it often leads to confusion, overlapping responsibilities, and conflicting ideas. For instance, in a project where multiple leaders try to impose their strategies, the team may struggle to maintain a clear direction. This can result in delays, miscommunication, and ultimately a subpar outcome. A streamlined approach, with clearly defined roles and a limited number of decision-makers, typically leads to better efficiency and quality.

In summary, while collaboration and input from various sources can be beneficial, too much involvement can lead to complications and inferior results. The proverb “Too many cooks spoil the broth” serves as a reminder that effective leadership and clear roles are crucial for achieving success in any collective effort.

6. One Man’s Trash is Another Man’s Treasure

The saying “One man’s trash is another man’s treasure” highlights the subjective nature of value and worth. What one person discards as useless or unimportant may be highly valued by someone else. This proverb is evident in many aspects of life, from personal preferences and hobbies to economic and environmental contexts.

In everyday life, this concept is perhaps most visible in the world of second-hand goods and recycling. Items that some individuals no longer need, such as old furniture, clothing, or electronics, often find new life through thrift stores, garage sales, or online marketplaces. For the original owners, these items might have outlived their usefulness, but for others, they present opportunities for bargains, unique finds, or even creative projects. The thriving second-hand market not only saves money for buyers but also reduces waste and promotes sustainable living.

In conclusion, “One man’s trash is another man’s treasure” aptly illustrates the subjective nature of value. Whether in personal belongings, artistic creation, or economic opportunities, what one person deems worthless may hold great worth for another. Embracing this perspective can lead to more sustainable practices, creative innovations, and a deeper appreciation for the diversity of human experience.

7. The Pen is Mightier than the Sword

The adage “The pen is mightier than the sword” underscores the power of words and ideas over brute force. This phrase, attributed to the English author Edward Bulwer-Lytton, suggests that writing, communication, and intellectual influence can achieve more lasting and significant outcomes than violence or coercion.

Throughout history, the transformative power of the written word has been evident. Philosophers, writers, and activists have used their pens to inspire change and shape societies. Consider the impact of seminal works such as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, which galvanized American colonists toward independence, or Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which brought the horrors of slavery to the forefront of public consciousness and fueled the abolitionist movement. These writings ignited powerful movements, illustrating that ideas and words can alter the course of history.

In the realm of politics and governance, the pen has often been a tool for diplomacy and negotiation, averting conflicts that might otherwise have been resolved through war. Treaties, declarations, and constitutions are products of careful thought and negotiation, reflecting the collective will and vision of societies. The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215, for example, marked a critical step toward the establishment of constitutional governance, limiting the powers of the monarchy and laying the foundation for modern democracy.

In conclusion, “The pen is mightier than the sword” emphasizes the enduring power of the written word over physical force. History has shown that ideas, conveyed through writing, can inspire revolutions, foster diplomacy, and promote social change. In an era where communication and information are more accessible than ever, the pen’s power continues to shape our world in profound ways.

8. Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder

The saying “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder” highlights the subjective nature of beauty, suggesting that what one person finds beautiful may not be perceived in the same way by someone else. This concept underscores the diversity of human preferences and the importance of individual perception in defining what is considered beautiful.

In the realm of art, this subjectivity is particularly evident. Different cultures, historical periods, and personal tastes have produced a vast array of artistic expressions, each celebrated for its unique beauty. For example, the intricate patterns and vibrant colours of African textiles may be deeply admired by some, while others might prefer the minimalist elegance of Japanese ink paintings. The diversity of artistic preferences illustrates that beauty cannot be universally defined but is instead shaped by personal and cultural experiences.

In conclusion, “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder” emphasizes the subjective and personal nature of beauty. It recognizes that perceptions of beauty vary widely among individuals, shaped by cultural, personal, and emotional factors. This understanding promotes inclusivity, diversity, and self-acceptance, encouraging a broader appreciation for the myriad expressions of beauty in the world. By embracing the subjective nature of beauty, we can foster a more inclusive and compassionate society.

9. Necessity is the Mother of Invention

“Necessity is the mother of invention” suggests that urgent needs often drive creativity and innovation. Throughout history, many significant inventions and advancements have arisen from the need to solve pressing problems. For instance, the development of medical technologies, transportation methods, and communication tools often stems from the necessity to improve human life and efficiency. When resources are scarce or challenges are immense, individuals and societies are pushed to think outside the box and devise novel solutions. This principle underscores the adaptive nature of human ingenuity, showing that when faced with critical needs, creativity flourishes, leading to groundbreaking inventions and progress.

10. Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover

The saying “Don’t judge a book by its cover” advises against forming opinions based solely on outward appearances. This wisdom applies to various aspects of life, from people to situations and objects. Often, what lies beneath the surface can be vastly different from initial impressions. For instance, a person who appears unassuming might possess remarkable talents or a fascinating personality, while something that looks appealing might lack substance or value. This phrase encourages us to look deeper, seeking to understand and appreciate the true nature of things before making judgments. By reserving our opinions and taking the time to explore what lies within, we cultivate a more open-minded and fair approach to life. This mindset not only enriches our interactions but also broadens our perspectives, allowing us to appreciate diversity and complexity in the world around us.

C. Write a slightly longer paragraph of 250 to 350 words on each of the following topics.

1. A Street Scene in a Marketplace

A bustling street scene in a marketplace is a vibrant tapestry of colours, sounds, and activities. As you walk through the narrow, crowded lanes, your senses are immediately overwhelmed by the myriad of aromas wafting from food stalls, offering everything from spicy samosas to sweet jalebis. Vendors shout out their wares, each trying to outdo the other with their energetic pitches, creating a cacophony of voices that blend into a unique market symphony. The stalls are a visual feast, displaying an array of goods: fresh fruits and vegetables, stacks of glittering bangles, brightly coloured fabrics, and a variety of handcrafted items. Shoppers haggle vigorously, the give-and-take adding to the lively atmosphere. Amidst the crowd, children dart about, their laughter mingling with the sounds of bargaining and conversation. The market is not just a place for commerce; it is a social hub where people from all walks of life converge. Street performers entertain the crowd with their music and tricks, adding an element of entertainment to the shopping experience. The air is thick with the scent of incense and street food, mingling with the occasional whiff of fresh flowers from the florists’ stalls. As the sun begins to set, the marketplace transforms under the glow of countless lights, each stall illuminated to attract the evening crowd. The energy remains high, and the marketplace continues to buzz with activity late into the night. This street scene is a microcosm of the city’s life, reflecting its diversity, energy, and spirit.

2. My Favourite Season

My favourite season is autumn, a time of year when nature undergoes a breathtaking transformation. As summer’s heat fades, the air turns crisp and refreshing, providing a much-needed respite. The most striking feature of autumn is the foliage; leaves change from their lush green to vibrant shades of red, orange, and yellow, creating a spectacular tapestry of colour. Walking through a park or forest during this season feels like stepping into a painting, with the fallen leaves crunching underfoot and the trees displaying their fiery crowns. Autumn also brings a sense of coziness and comfort. It is the season of harvest festivals, pumpkin patches, and apple picking. The aroma of spiced apple cider and freshly baked pies fills the air, evoking a sense of warmth and nostalgia. The cooler temperatures make it the perfect time to enjoy outdoor activities like hiking or simply sitting by a bonfire. Evenings are ideal for wrapping up in a soft blanket with a good book or spending time with family and friends. There is a gentle slowing down as the year winds to a close, providing an opportunity for reflection and gratitude. The beauty of the changing landscape, combined with the pleasant weather and comforting traditions, makes autumn an enchanting and cherished season for me.

3. My Favourite Hobby

My favourite hobby is painting, an activity that allows me to express my creativity and unwind from the stresses of daily life. Whenever I pick up a brush and begin to paint, I enter a world where my imagination runs free. The process of transforming a blank canvas into a work of art is both exhilarating and therapeutic. I enjoy experimenting with different styles and techniques, whether it is the bold strokes of abstract art, the delicate details of realism, or the soothing blends of impressionism. Painting enables me to capture my emotions, thoughts, and experiences in a visual form. The choice of colours, the movement of the brush, and the creation of shapes and forms all combine to tell a story or convey a feeling. This hobby has also taught me patience and perseverance. Each painting involves layers of work and sometimes multiple attempts to achieve the desired effect. Moreover, painting is a continuous learning journey, where each piece offers new lessons and insights. I often lose track of time when I am immersed in my artwork, finding a deep sense of satisfaction and accomplishment in the final product. Additionally, sharing my paintings with others and seeing their reactions brings me joy and encourages me to keep honing my craft. Ultimately, painting is more than just a hobby for me; it is a vital outlet for self-expression and personal growth.

4. Admission Time at Colleges

Admission time at colleges is a period marked by a blend of excitement, anxiety, and anticipation for students and their families. As the academic year draws to a close, prospective students prepare to embark on a new chapter in their educational journey. The process typically begins with the submission of applications, where students present their academic achievements, extracurricular involvements, and personal essays. This is a time of intense preparation, as applicants strive to showcase their best selves to the admission committees. Alongside this, there are entrance examinations and interviews that further assess their capabilities and suitability for the programmes they wish to pursue. Once the application period ends, a tense waiting phase ensues, filled with hope and uncertainty. The release of admission results brings a mix of joy and disappointment, with acceptance letters bringing a sense of achievement and relief, while rejections require resilience and planning for alternative paths. For those accepted, the next steps involve attending orientations, selecting courses, and arranging accommodation, each task contributing to the excitement of starting college life. Parents and guardians also experience a range of emotions, from pride in their children’s accomplishments to concern about their transition to independent living. The college admission period is not just about academic placement; it signifies a major life transition, setting the stage for personal growth, new experiences, and future opportunities.

5. The City by Night

The city by night is a captivating scene that transforms the familiar into the extraordinary. As dusk falls, the cityscape begins to glitter with countless lights, each building, street, and landmark illuminated in a dazzling display. The hum of daytime activities fades, replaced by a different kind of energy. Skyscrapers stand as sentinels against the night sky, their windows aglow, reflecting the hustle and bustle within. Streets that were crowded with the rush of the day now pulse with a steady flow of traffic, their taillights creating streams of red against the dark asphalt. Pedestrians move at a more leisurely pace, enjoying the cooler temperatures and the vibrant nightlife. Street vendors and food trucks offer enticing aromas, drawing people in for late-night snacks. In popular districts, the nightlife comes alive with the sounds of music and laughter emanating from bars, clubs, and restaurants, each venue contributing to the city’s nocturnal symphony. Parks and public spaces offer a quieter respite, where the soft glow of lampposts casts long shadows and the sounds of the city feel distant and subdued. The contrast between the bright lights and the darkened sky highlights the architectural beauty and grandeur of urban structures, often overlooked during the day. The city by night reveals a different character, one that is dynamic, mysterious, and endlessly fascinating, inviting both residents and visitors to explore and experience its unique allure.

Exercise

1. Write an essay on the benefits of meditation.

In today’s fast-paced world, finding moments of peace and tranquillity can be a challenge. Meditation, an ancient practice rooted in mindfulness and self-awareness, offers a powerful solution to this modern-day problem. Over the years, numerous studies have highlighted the myriad benefits of meditation, making it an essential practice for mental, emotional, and physical well-being.

One of the most significant benefits of meditation is its ability to reduce stress. The practice encourages relaxation and promotes a state of calm by focusing on the present moment. This mindfulness can help individuals manage stress more effectively, reducing the levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, in the body. By incorporating meditation into daily routines, individuals can experience a profound sense of peace and clarity, which can lead to improved overall health.

Meditation also enhances emotional well-being. Regular practitioners often report an increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative ones. Meditation helps in developing a deeper understanding of oneself and one’s emotions, fostering a greater sense of self-awareness. This heightened awareness allows individuals to respond to situations more thoughtfully rather than reacting impulsively, leading to better emotional regulation.

In conclusion, the benefits of meditation extend across various aspects of life, from mental and emotional health to physical well-being and interpersonal relationships. By dedicating a few minutes each day to this practice, individuals can experience profound and lasting positive changes. As the practice of meditation continues to gain popularity, its benefits become increasingly recognized, making it a valuable tool for enhancing overall quality of life.

2. Write an essay on the following topic: “The Dignity of Labour.”

Labour, in all its forms, is the backbone of society. Whether it is the work of a farmer in the field, a teacher in the classroom, or a doctor in the hospital, each form of labour contributes to the functioning and development of our communities. The concept of the dignity of labour emphasizes that all types of work, whether manual or intellectual, deserve respect and recognition. It is a principle that underpins the value of hard work and the respect due to every individual for their contribution to society.

The dignity of labour challenges the notion that some jobs are more respectable than others. It posits that every job, regardless of its nature, is essential and valuable. For instance, the work of a sanitation worker is as crucial as that of a lawyer. Without the former, public health would be at risk, and without the latter, justice could not be served. Recognizing the dignity of all forms of labour fosters a sense of equality and mutual respect among individuals, regardless of their occupation.

In conclusion, the dignity of labour is a cornerstone of a just and equitable society. It recognizes the intrinsic value of all forms of work and the importance of respecting and valuing every individual’s contribution. By upholding the dignity of labour, we foster a culture of respect, equality, and mutual support that benefits everyone. This principle not only enhances individual fulfilment but also strengthens the social and economic fabric of our communities.

3. Here is the last paragraph of an essay. Supply the preceding paragraphs.

The day had started like any other, with clear skies and a cool breeze that promised a pleasant outing. My friends and I decided to take advantage of the beautiful weather and go on a hiking trip to the nearby hills. We packed our bags with snacks, water, and a first-aid kit, and set off with excitement and anticipation. Little did we know that the day would unfold in ways we never expected.

As we began our hike, the trail was easy and well-marked. We chatted and laughed, enjoying the scenic beauty and the fresh air. However, as we ventured deeper into the hills, the path became narrower and less defined. Soon, we found ourselves in the midst of a dense forest. The sounds of chirping birds and rustling leaves created an enchanting atmosphere, but our growing concern about losing the trail cast a shadow over our spirits.

After a few hours, we realized we were lost. Panic started to set in as we tried to retrace our steps, only to find ourselves deeper in the wilderness. Our water supplies were dwindling, and the sun was beginning to set. We knew we had to find our way back before darkness fell. We decided to stick together and use the compass on one of our phones to navigate. However, the thick canopy overhead made it difficult to get a clear signal.

As the day turned into night, we faced the chilling reality that we might have to spend the night in the forest. We huddled together, trying to keep our spirits up by sharing stories and jokes. Every rustle in the bushes and every distant animal call heightened our anxiety. Just when we were on the verge of giving up hope, we saw a faint light in the distance. Gathering our remaining energy, we moved towards it, praying it was a sign of civilization.

At the end of the day, everyone was tired. But the day had been full of excitement. At one time, we had given up all hope of getting back home. And now, here we were, safe in our homes, warm and comfortable in our beds. Was it true, or was it a dream?

4. Write an essay describing an eventful cricket or football match.

Cricket, often referred to as a gentleman’s game, has the power to bring people together in a shared experience of excitement and suspense. One such eventful match that remains etched in my memory is the final of the inter-school cricket tournament held last summer. The match, played between our school team and our long-time rivals, was nothing short of a rollercoaster of emotions.

The day of the match was bright and sunny, perfect for a game of cricket. Our team had practised rigorously for weeks, and we were determined to bring the trophy home. The stands were filled with enthusiastic supporters from both schools, their cheers and chants creating an electrifying atmosphere. The coin toss favoured our team, and we decided to bat first, hoping to set a challenging target for the opposition.

Our opening batsmen started cautiously, carefully building the innings. The first few overs were slow, with the rival bowlers maintaining tight lines. However, as the game progressed, our batsmen found their rhythm. Boundaries began to flow, and the scoreboard started ticking faster. The highlight of our innings was a spectacular century by our captain, who played with remarkable skill and composure. His innings was a mix of elegant strokes and powerful hits, keeping the crowd on its feet.

As we approached the final overs, our team managed to post a formidable total of 280 runs. The break between innings was filled with a mix of nervous energy and cautious optimism. We knew our score was competitive, but the game was far from over.

When the opposition came to bat, our bowlers were initially able to keep them in check.

3. Homonyms, Homophones / Commonly Misspelt Words

Homonyms: The word “homonym” comes from the prefix “homo”, meaning “the same”, and the suffix “-nym”, meaning “name”. Hence, homonyms are words that sound alike and have different meanings. They either sound the same or are spelt the same, but their meanings are different. Two or more words with the same spellings but different pronunciations and meanings are called heteronyms.

Homophones: Homophones sound the same but have different meanings and different spellings too.

Exercises

A. Each set of sentences in Column X has homonyms. Match every sentence of each set in Column X with the corresponding meaning in Column Y of the homonym in the sentence.

Set A

1. You mustn't always bank on him. — c. Rely on

2. She withdrew money from the bank. — a. Financial institution

3. I sat on the bank and watched boats sail by. — b. Sloping land beside a water body

Set B

1. He was fair-skinned. — d. Lightly coloured

2. It wasn't a fair deal. — c. Free from bias or deception

3. We visited the fair. — a. Travelling show or exhibition

4. Her performance was fair. — b. Slightly above average quality

Set C

1. It will suit my needs. — c. Be acceptable to

2. I wore my best suit. — a. Set of garments

3. I brought a suit against him. — b. Legal proceedings

Set D

1. The map was not to scale. — c. Standard of reference

2. The thief could easily scale the wall. — a. Get on top of

3. The auctioneer stood on the scale. — d. Weighing instrument

4. They were ranked on a scale of 10. — b. Ratio between actual size and its image

Set E

1. We need someone to lead the team. — c. Be in charge of

2. The police are following a lead. — b. Clue pointing to a possible solution

3. She lost her lead in the final round. — a. Advantage held by a competitor

B. Fill in the blanks in each set of sentences with a single homonym.

1. She wrote a new play. The children went to play in the park.

2. I was asked to pen a few lines of verse; The sheep are not in their pen. She uses a brush for calligraphy.

3. The spruce tree is found in temperate regions; Let's spruce up the house before the guests arrive.

4. We didn't realise the process of the pandemic; The symphony is in the key of C major; You need to process the fish before cooking it.

5. Watch out for fraudulent calls and e-mails; She got me an expensive watch for my birthday.

Exercises

A. For each set, match both sentences in Column X with the corresponding meaning in Column Y of the homograph in the sentence.

Set A

1. The mayor will present the award. — b. To give, especially an award

2. She gave me a present for Diwali. — a. Something given as a gift

Set B

1. You missed the train by a minute. — b. Unit of time

2. The chances of success are minute. — a. Immeasurably small

Set C

1. We watched the match live. — b. Broadcast transmitted at the time of occurrence

2. I live in Hyderabad. — a. To inhabit

Set D

1. She did not bow before the queen. — a. To lower one’s head in respect

2. The archer picked up his bow. — b. Weapon for shooting arrows

Set E

1. Pick up the object. — b. A material thing

2. I did not object to her demand. — a. To express disapproval or disagreement

Set F

1. She did not shed a single tear. — b. Liquid produced by the eye when one cries

2. Do not tear the paper. — a. To separate by force

Set G

1. The pipe was made of lead. — a. A type of metal

2. This will lead to success. — b. Result in

Set H

1. My wound has not yet healed. — a. Injury

2. I wound the tape. — b. To arrange or coil around

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct homophones from the options given in the box:

road, rode; to, two, too; principal, principle; banned, band; board, bored; their, there, they’re

1. I am bored of board games.

2. She rode her bike down the road.

3. Our principal is a lady of great principle.

4. They’re in their garden over there.

5. Did you buy two tickets to the show, too?

6. Arjun’s band was banned from playing in the school.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct homophone from the options given in brackets.

1. I bought a pair of gloves.

2. The king’s reign did not last very long.

3. If you park here, the police will tow your car away.

4. The lioness picked up the scent of her prey.

5. She wanted to wear her favourite outfit.

C. Show the difference between the words in the given sets of homophones by using them in sentences of your own.

1. Aisle, Isle

o She walked down the aisle to take her seat in the theatre.

o They spent their vacation on a remote isle in the Caribbean.

2. Pane, Pain

o A bird flew into the window pane and startled everyone inside.

o He felt a sharp pain in his knee after the fall.

3. Four, Fore

o They ordered four pizzas for the party.

o The golfer shouted “Fore!” to warn others of the incoming ball.

4. Sell, Cell

o She decided to sell her old car.

o The prisoner was confined to his cell for most of the day.

5. Break, Brake

o Be careful not to break that vase; it is very fragile.

o He had to slam on the brake to avoid hitting the deer.

6. Heal, Heel

o The doctor assured him that his wound would heal in a few weeks.

o She wore high-heel shoes to the formal event.

7. Paws, Pause

o The cat licked its paws clean.

o Let’s pause the movie for a moment so we can get some snacks.

8. Past, Passed

o In the past, people used to write letters instead of emails.

o We passed the library on our way to the park.

Exercises

A. Explain the difference between the words in each pair and write sentences.

1. Affect / Effect

o Affect (verb): To influence something.

o Effect (noun): The result or outcome of a change.

o The new law will affect many small businesses. The effect of the new law has been significant.

2. Altar / Alter

o Altar (noun): A table used in religious ceremonies.

o Alter (verb): To change something.

3. Brake / Break

o Brake (noun): A device for stopping a vehicle.

o Break (verb): To separate into pieces.

4. Storey / Story

o Storey (noun): A level of a building.

o Story (noun): A narrative.

5. Object / Abject

o Object (noun): A thing.

o Abject (adjective): Extremely bad.

B. Additional Commonly Confused Words

C. Complete the sentences

1. There was plenty of thunder and lightning.

2. We were taken round the company’s premises.

3. Have you seen the new stationery shop?

4. The student was given a fee waiver.

5. Let us proceed to the auditorium.

D. Commonly Misspelt Words

Correct spellings:

1. achieve

2. commitment

3. commissioner

4. dependence

5. privilege

6. embarrass

7. grammar

8. millennium

9. Wednesday

10. hypocrisy

Additional list:

1. accommodate

2. noticeable

3. occurrence

4. separate

5. recommend

6. pronunciation

7. indispensable

8. definitely

9. mischievous

10. maintenance

4. Idioms and Phrases / Phrasal Verbs

Idiom: Idioms are a collection of words or phrases that have a figurative meaning which is generally well established and known. So, these words can’t be taken in their literal meanings, since they would sound farcical. Idioms, at times, seem grammatically unusual as well.

Phrase: A phrase is a small group of words that functions as a unit. These units are part of a bigger sentence or a clause. Phrases, unlike idioms, are actually direct and to the point. They do not have figurative meanings; the expression means what the words indicate.

Exercises

A. Match the idioms in Column X with their meanings in Column Y.

X | Y

1. Run like clockwork — f. Go smoothly

2. A storm in a teacup — d. A lot of fuss over nothing

3. Not see the wood for the trees — h. Too much detail preventing you from seeing the larger picture/context

4. Have a soft spot for somebody — g. Be fond of somebody

5. Be over the moon — b. Be extremely happy

6. Be twiddling your thumbs — c. Feel bored, with nothing to do

7. State-of-the-art — e. Most advanced or modern

8. Ruffle someone’s feathers — a. Cause someone to be upset or annoyed

B. Rewrite the sentences below, replacing the words in italics with an appropriate idiom chosen from those in brackets.

1. This job is right up your street.

2. I did something wrong. I want to make a clean breast of it.

3. Sophia put her foot in her mouth at the meeting.

4. The problem got out of hand.

5. Smita kept her head when she found her boat sinking.

6. It was to be Jai’s first stage performance, but minutes before the show he got cold feet.

Phrasal Verbs

A. Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs.

1. The boy felt let down when none of his friends went to watch him play.

2. She had no appetite and picked at the food on her plate.

3. The children get on very well with each other.

4. Nishi is going through a bad time in the office.

5. He has come up with a wonderful idea for the picnic.

6. The people carried on bravely during the famine.

7. I must clear out my cupboards.

8. The doctor advised me to cut down on sugar.

9. Please fill in the form neatly.

10. The village brought back memories of happy childhood days.

B. Rewrite the sentences using phrasal verbs.

1. Shameem felt he was cut off from his home and family.

2. I want to brighten up the room by using colours.

3. The audience was bored because the programme dragged on for too long.

4. The tablet will keep down your blood sugar level.

5. You mustn’t give up going to the guitar class just because you find it difficult.

6. Basheer has taken up the responsibility of getting the invitation cards printed.

7. I feel like throwing up.

8. Put a line across all the rough work in your answer sheets.

9. Sabina handed in her project report on time.

10. They paid the hotel bill and checked out an hour ago.

5. Spellings and Sound Patterns in English & One Word Substitution

Exercises

A. Words pronounced alike

1. sail - sale ✔

2. quite - quiet ✘

3. rain - reign ✔

4. weather - whether ✔

5. tap - tape ✘

6. coat - quote ✘

7. bough - bow ✘

8. son - sun ✔

9. trail - trial ✘

10. heard - herd ✔

B. Number of letters and sounds

(Same as given, corrected punctuation and spacing)

1. curry – Letters: 5, Sounds: 4

2. sign – Letters: 4, Sounds: 3

3. box – Letters: 3, Sounds: 4

4. common – Letters: 6, Sounds: 5

5. life – Letters: 4, Sounds: 3

6. pretty – Letters: 6, Sounds: 5

7. taxi – Letters: 4, Sounds: 5

8. bead – Letters: 4, Sounds: 3

9. quick – Letters: 5, Sounds: 4

10. wrong – Letters: 5, Sounds: 4

11. kitchen – Letters: 7, Sounds: 6

12. college – Letters: 7, Sounds: 5

13. friend – Letters: 6, Sounds: 5

14. funny – Letters: 5, Sounds: 4

15. bridge – Letters: 6, Sounds: 4

16. relationship – Letters: 12, Sounds: 11

C. Homophones

write – right
break – brake
might – mite
team – teem
so – sew
bear – bare
tail – tale
cast – caste
sight – site
roll – role

D. Same sound (instruction corrected)

Underline the letters in each set that represent the same sound.

E. Words with same initial sound as “quake”

Queen, Quick, Quest, Quote, Quilt

F. Words that rhyme with “plain”

Rain, Vein, Reign, Dane, Mane

One Word Substitution

A. Answers

1. Incense

2. Inclination

3. Subject

4. Hurdle

5. Stable

6. Cramp

7. Pulp

8. Sink

B. One-word substitutes

1. Subcontinent

2. Fop

3. Bachelor

4. Dermatologist

5. Philanthropist

6. Ornithologist

7. Spendthrift

8. Zoology

Author Information (Corrected Grammar Only)

Dr. Peer Salim Jahangeer (M.A., B.Ed., M.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D. & DCA) has been working in J&K Higher Education for the last 10 years and is an approved IGNOU Counselor. He has published 15 books and 30 research papers and is the editor of the international journal Creative Launcher. He has participated in many FDPs, seminars, conferences, and workshops, etc.

Salim Sir works for the welfare of dear students through:

1. YouTube for online teaching: Dear Students (Salim Sir)

2. Website for information: www.jkscore.com

3. Website for English material: www.englishforallonline.com

4. Telegram for material: Dear Students Library

5. WhatsApp for information: Edu. & Job Alert

6. Facebook group: J&K Students Preparation Together

7. Facebook page: Education with Salim Sir’s Academy

8. Published eight books for students

For All Online Services and Stationary dial

Students CSC @7006655397

Join with us on below Links

1.YouTube for Live :Dear Students of Salim Sir

2. Website for Material and Information: studentscsc

3.Telegram for Material: Dear Students Library

4.Whats app for Information: Edu. & Job Alert

5. Mail for feedback: Jkedujob@gmail.com

6. Fb G: J&K Students Preparation Together

7. Fb P: Education with Salim Sir’s Academy

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE (ENL022A)

Unit III: Language in Use

1. Reading Comprehension

Exercises

A. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

B. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

C. Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

2. Paragraph Writing / Essay Writing

Exercises

A. Rearrange each group of jumbled sentences below so as to have well-written paragraphs.

1.

2.

3.

B. Write a paragraph of about 150 to 250 words on five of the following topics.

1. There’s No Time Like the Present

2. Cleanliness is Next to Godliness

3. Actions Speak Louder Than Words

4. Practice Makes Perfect

5. Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth

6. One Man’s Trash is Another Man’s Treasure

7. The Pen is Mightier than the Sword

8. Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder

9. Necessity is the Mother of Invention

10. Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover

C. Write a slightly longer paragraph of 250 to 350 words on each of the following topics.

1. A Street Scene in a Marketplace

2. My Favourite Season

3. My Favourite Hobby

4. Admission Time at Colleges

5. The City by Night

Exercise

1. Write an essay on the benefits of meditation.

2. Write an essay on the following topic: “The Dignity of Labour.”

3. Here is the last paragraph of an essay. Supply the preceding paragraphs.

4. Write an essay describing an eventful cricket or football match.

3. Homonyms, Homophones / Commonly Misspelt Words

Exercises

A. Each set of sentences in Column X has homonyms. Match every sentence of each set in Column X with the corresponding meaning in Column Y of the homonym in the sentence.

B. Fill in the blanks in each set of sentences with a single homonym.

Exercises

A. For each set, match both sentences in Column X with the corresponding meaning in Column Y of the homograph in the sentence.

Exercises

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct homophones from the options given in the box:

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct homophone from the options given in brackets.

C. Show the difference between the words in the given sets of homophones by using them in sentences of your own.

Exercises

A. Explain the difference between the words in each pair and write sentences.

B. Additional Commonly Confused Words

C. Complete the sentences

D. Commonly Misspelt Words

4. Idioms and Phrases / Phrasal Verbs

Exercises

A. Match the idioms in Column X with their meanings in Column Y.

B. Rewrite the sentences below, replacing the words in italics with an appropriate idiom chosen from those in brackets.

Phrasal Verbs

A. Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs.

B. Rewrite the sentences using phrasal verbs.

5. Spellings and Sound Patterns in English & One Word Substitution

Exercises

A. Words pronounced alike

B. Number of letters and sounds

C. Homophones

D. Same sound (instruction corrected)

E. Words with same initial sound as “quake”

F. Words that rhyme with “plain”

One Word Substitution

A. Answers

B. One-word substitutes

Author Information (Corrected Grammar Only)

You may like these posts

Contact form