Speaking Skill
Phonetics: It deals with the study of speech sounds. It
deals with the explanation and classification of the sounds on the basis of how
sounds are produced by human beings and how they are perceived by us.
Phonology:
It deals with how a special language classifies its sounds in to phonemes
(distinctive units) and how syllables are created with the combination of
phonemes. It also deals with the prosodic features like stress, pitch, tone
& intonation etc.
Sounds of English:
According to the Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) there are 44 sounds in English
language. In which 24 are consonant sounds and 20 are vowel sounds, vowels are
divided into 12-pure vowels and 8 diphthongs.
Sure,
here's the revised chart with the 44 English phonetic sounds using both Urdu
and Hindi symbols:
English
Sound Chart with Urdu and Hindi symbols
Vowel
Chart
|
English Sound |
Example |
Urdu Symbol |
Hindi Symbol |
|
/æ/ |
Cat |
ے / َ |
ऐ / ऱ |
|
/ɛ/ |
Bed |
ے / َ |
ए / ऱ |
|
/ɪ/ |
Sit |
ِ / ِ |
इ / ि |
|
/ɒ/ |
Pot |
و / َ |
ऑ / ़ |
|
/ʊ/ |
Put |
ُ / و |
उ / ु |
|
/ɑː/ |
Father |
ا / آ |
आ / ा |
|
/iː/ |
See |
ی |
ई / ी |
|
/aɪ/ |
Bike |
ائی / اَے |
आइ / ाइ |
|
/əʊ/ |
Go |
و |
ओ / ो |
|
/uː/ |
Blue |
و |
ऊ / ू |
|
/eɪ/ |
Rain |
ے / َے |
ए / ए |
|
/aʊ/ |
Out |
و / َؤ |
आउ / औ |
|
/ɔɪ/ |
Boy |
وائے |
ऑय |
|
/ɜː/ |
Bird |
َار / َ |
अ / ऱ |
|
/ə/ |
Ago |
َ |
अ / ऱ |
Consonants
Chart
|
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|
/p/ pan پ प |
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|
/b/ bat ب ब |
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|
/k/ cat ک क |
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|
/d/ dog د द |
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|
/f/ fish ف फ |
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|
/ɡ/ go گ ग |
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|
/h/ hat ہ ह |
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|
/dʒ/ jam ج ज |
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|
/k/ kite ک क |
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|
/l/ leg ل ल |
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|
/m/ man م म |
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|
/n/ not ن न |
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|
/r/ run ر र |
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|
/s/ sit س स |
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|
/ʃ/ ship ش श |
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|
/t/ top ت त |
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|
/θ/ think تھ / ث थ |
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|
/ð/ this ذ / د द / ध |
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|
/v/ van و / وِ व |
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|
/w/ wet و व |
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|
/j/ yes ی य |
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|
/z/ zebra ز ज़ |
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|
/tʃ/ chair چ च |
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|
/dʒ/ judge ج ज |
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|
/ŋ/ sing نگ ङ |
Consonant Sound
and Spelling Chart
|
Sound |
Spelling |
Examples |
|
/P/ |
P |
pen,
spin, cap |
|
/b/ |
B |
bed,
about, snub |
|
/ t/ |
t,
tt, th, ed, pt |
tank,
actor, prompt |
|
/d/ |
d,
dd, ed |
door,
sudden, played |
|
/K/ |
k,
C, cc, ck, ch, qu, x |
keen,
cat, occur, pack, chemistry, extra |
|
/g/ |
g,
gh, x |
gate,
ghost, examine |
|
/tʃ/ |
ch,
tch |
chair,
butcher |
|
/ʃ/ |
sh,
s, ss, c, ch, t, ti |
shepherd,
sure, mission, special, machine, nation |
|
/θ/ |
Th |
thin,
think, bath |
|
/ð/ |
Th |
this,
that, mother |
|
/m/ |
m,
mm |
man,
summer |
|
/n/ |
n,
nn, kn |
net,
inner, knee |
|
/ŋ/ |
ng,
n |
sing,
think |
|
/f/ |
f,
ff, ph, gh |
fan,
off, phone, laugh |
|
/v/ |
v,
f |
van,
of |
|
/S/ |
s,
ss, c, sc, ps |
sit,
mass, cent, scene, psychology |
|
/Z/ |
z,
zz, s, ss, x |
zip,
buzz, has, dessert, xylophone |
|
/ h/ |
H |
hat,
happy |
|
/W/ |
w,
wh |
wet,
when |
|
/l/ |
l,
ll |
let,
bell |
|
/r/ |
r,
rr, wr |
run,
carry, write |
|
/dg/ |
j,
g, dg, dge, ge |
jam,
giant, judge, bridge, age |
|
/j/ |
Y |
yes,
yellow |
Consonant sounds:
These are those sounds of the language in which there is narrowing or closure
of air passage while producing them. In case of consonant sounds the air is
stopped very shortly in the cavity of mouth, before passing out. They are
divided into two types on vibration of vocal cards or duration of time.
Voiceless:
These are those sounds which take less duration of time while uttering them or
the vocal cards do not vibrate while uttering them. Voiceless sounds are; /p/,
/t/, /k/, /tʃ/,
/f/, /θ/,
/s/, /ʃ/, /h/
Voiced:
These are those sounds which take more duration of time while uttering them or
while producing them the vocal cards vibrate. /b/, /d/, /g/, /dʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/,
/v/,/ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /w/, /r/, /j/, /l/
Classification of English
Sounds on articulation and place
A. Classification according to the
manner of articulation:
Plosives (6): /p/, /b/,
/t/ /d/, /k/,/g/
Affricates(2): /tʃ/, /dʒ/
Nasals(3): /m/,/n/,/ŋ/
Fricatives(9): /f/, /v/,/θ/,/ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /,/ð/, /ʒ/, /h/
Approximants/Semi voewls(3): /w/, /t/, /j/
Lateral Approximant(1):
/l/
B.
Classification
according to the place of articulation are:
Bilabials(4): /p/,
/b/,/m/,/w/
Labiodentals (2): /f/,
/v/
Dentals (2): /θ/, /ð/,
Alveolars (6): /t/,/d/,/n/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/
Postalveolar (1): /r/
Palato-alveolars (4): /tʃ/,
/dʒ/,
/ʒ/,/r/
Palatal (1) : /j/
Velar: /k/, /g/
Glottal: /h/
Classification
of English Vowel Sounds
1. Monophthongs (Pure Vowels)
Short Vowels:
|
Sound |
Example |
Tongue Position |
|
/ɪ/ |
Sit |
Front |
|
/e/ |
Bed |
Front |
|
/æ/ |
Cat |
Front |
|
/ʌ/ |
Cup |
Central |
|
/ə/ |
About |
Central |
|
/ɒ/ |
Hot |
Back |
|
/ʊ/ |
Put |
Back |
Long Vowels:
|
Sound |
Example |
Tongue Position |
|
/iː/ |
See |
Front |
|
/ɑː/ |
Father |
Back |
|
/ɔː/ |
Saw |
Back |
|
/ɜː/ |
Bird |
Central |
|
/uː/ |
Blue |
Back |
2. Diphthongs (Gliding Vowels)
|
Sound |
Example |
Starting Position |
Ending Position |
|
/eɪ/ |
Face |
Front |
Front |
|
/aɪ/ |
My |
Front |
Front |
|
/ɔɪ/ |
Boy |
Back |
Front |
|
/aʊ/ |
Now |
Front |
Back |
|
/əʊ/ |
Go |
Central |
Back |
|
/ɪə/ |
Near |
Front |
Central |
|
/eə/ |
Care |
Front |
Central |
|
/ʊə/ |
Cure |
Back |
Central |
Vowel
Classification by Position and Duration
Front Vowels:
·
Short:
·
/ɪ/ (sit)
·
/e/ (bed)
·
/æ/ (cat)
·
Long:
·
/iː/ (see)
Central Vowels:
·
Short:
·
/ʌ/ (cup)
·
/ə/ (about)
·
Long:
·
/ɜː/ (bird)
Back Vowels:
·
Short:
·
/ɒ/ (hot)
·
/ʊ/ (put)
·
Long:
·
/ɑː/ (father)
·
/ɔː/ (saw)
·
/uː/ (blue)
Three Examples of
Phonetic Symbols
|
Phonetic Symbol |
Initial Example |
Medial Example |
Final Example |
|
/p/ |
Pen |
Spin |
Cap |
|
/b/ |
Book |
Cabin |
Tub |
|
/t/ |
Tell |
Water |
Light |
|
/d/ |
Day |
Ladder |
Bed |
|
/k/ |
Cat |
School |
Back |
|
/ɡ/ |
Get |
Bigger |
Bag |
|
/tʃ/ |
Chin |
Teacher |
Watch |
|
/dʒ/ |
Jump |
Major |
Judge |
|
/f/ |
Fun |
Coffee |
Leaf |
|
/v/ |
Van |
Oven |
Live |
|
/θ/ |
Thin |
Method |
Bath |
|
/ð/ |
This |
Mother |
Breathe |
|
/s/ |
Sit |
Castle |
Miss |
|
/z/ |
Zoo |
Puzzle |
Buzz |
|
/ʃ/ |
Shoe |
Fashion |
Wish |
|
/ʒ/ |
(rare) |
Measure |
(rare) |
|
/h/ |
Hat |
Behind |
(rare) |
|
/m/ |
Man |
Camel |
Team |
|
/n/ |
Not |
Runner |
Sun |
|
/ŋ/ |
(rare) |
Singer |
Sing |
|
/l/ |
Leg |
Yellow |
Full |
|
/r/ |
Run |
Carrot |
Star |
|
/j/ |
Yes |
Beyond |
(rare) |
|
/w/ |
Wet |
Always |
(rare) |
Chart for vowels:
|
Phonetic Symbol |
Initial Example |
Medial Example |
Final Example |
|
/æ/ |
Apple |
Cat |
(rare) |
|
/ɛ/ |
Elephant |
Bed |
(rare) |
|
/ɪ/ |
Ink |
Sit |
City |
|
/ɒ/ |
Octopus |
(rare) |
(rare) |
|
/ʊ/ |
(rare) |
Book |
(rare) |
|
/ɑː/ |
Arm |
Father |
(rare) |
|
/iː/ |
Eat |
Meet |
See |
|
/oʊ/ |
Oat |
Boat |
Go |
|
/uː/ |
Ooze |
Food |
Do |
|
/eɪ/ |
Aim |
Rain |
Say |
|
/aɪ/ |
Ice |
Bike |
Fly |
|
/ɔɪ/ |
Oil |
Coin |
Toy |
|
/aʊ/ |
Out |
House |
Cow |
|
/ə/ |
About |
Banana |
(rare) |
|
/ɜː/ |
Earth |
Bird |
Fur |
|
/ɔː/ |
(rare) |
More |
Saw |
|
/ʌ/ |
Up |
Cup |
(rare) |
