How to Judge Globalism
About the Author (Amartya Sen)
Introduction: Amartya Sen was born on 3rd Nov. 1933. He was
born at Shantiniketan (campus of Tagore’s Visva-Bharti) , Bengal Presidency, of
British India, presently in Bangladesh. He is famous economist and philosopher.
He belongs to Manikgunj family. The name ‘Amartya’ which means ‘immortal’ was
given to him by Rabindranath Tagore. He has taught in the UK and USA in
different universities. He made great contribution to welfare economics, social
choice theory, social and economic justice. He was awarded Nobel Prize in
Economics in 1998. He is one among the century’s hundred most influential
thinkers.
Parents & Spouse: His father was Ashutosh Sen who taught Chemistry at Dhaka
University. His mother’s name was Amita Sen. He has married thrice
as: Nabaneeta Dev Sen, Eva Colorni and Emma Rothschild.
Education: He got his education at
Presidency College in Calcutta (Kolkata). He completed his B.A, M.A and Ph. D.
from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1955, 1959 & 1959 respectively. He was
elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College and he decided to study Philosophy
for four years. He liked this subject from his college days. He has received
more than nineteen honorary degrees throughout the world.
Jobs: He was offered a
professorship at the Jadavapur University in Calcutta during his Ph.D. He
headed the Dept. of Economics for three years (1956-58). He was a
visiting Prof. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1960-61). He also
taught at Delhi School of Economics, (1963-71). He taught at London School of
Economics (1927-77). He taught at Trinity College (1998-2004). He started
teaching Economics and Philosophy at Harvard from 2004.
Literary Works: He has more interest in poverty & famines and
most of his works deal with this. “Poverty and Famines’
(1981), “Collective Choice and Social Welfare” (1970), “Poverty and
Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation” (1981), “Rationality and
Freedom” (2002), “The Argumentative Indian” (2005), “Identity and Violence: The
Illusion of Destiny” (2006), “Growth Economics”, “Commodities and
Capabilities”, “The Standard of Living”, “Development as Freedom”, “Writing on
Indian History”, “Culture and Identity” and “Identity and Violence”.
Awards & Prizes: He was awarded Bharat Ratna (1999), Nobel Memorial Prize in
Economic Science (1998), IHEU International Humanist Award (2002), National
Humanities Medal (2111), Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences (2021).
Summary and Analysis
Introduction: “How to Judge Globalism” is a well
argument of Sen about the defense of ‘globalization’. In Globalization
different cultures of the world become one with trade. This is the result of
the multi-national companies and worldwide communication. It is not
a new concept but an old one. This is without doubt a clear safe guard of the
globalization. Sen says in this essay that globalization is not new concept but
it is old one. In his view this is the cultural and intellectual mixture of the
whole world.
Globalization not Western concept: This is not totally
the concept of West. But this is the result of the cultural exchange between
East and West. It is wrongly considered same as Westernization. He
poses questions and gives its answer himself as: “Is Globalization really a new
Western curse? It is, in fact, neither nor necessarily Western and it is not a
curse.” So according to Sen Globalization is neither Western concept
nor a Curse.
Origin of Globalization: Sen goes to the
beginning or origin of the Globalization. He says “To illustrate, consider the
world at the beginning of the last millennium rather than at its end.”
According his him the global effect of science, technology etc has changed the
old world. He says “The high technology in the world of 1000 AD included paper,
the printing press…..were used extensively in China”. Then he gives
the example of Mathematics as “A similar movement occurred in the Eastern
influence on Western Mathematics. The decimal system emerged and became well
developed in India…” So, according to him the decimal system has origin from
India developed in 2nd and 6th Century.
A
Global Heritage: The global heritage is
the world heritage concept. There is chain of intellectual relations that link
the world.
Global Interdependences and Movements: There are so many
developments in which the West was not involved. The technology of printing was
invented by China. Are the Poor Getting Poorer? According to Sen Globalization
is not unfair to the poor. The poor are getting richer due to Globalization.
Omissions
and Commissions: For the growth of Globalization
inefficient and inequitable trade restrictions need to be removed.
Text
Book Questions of How to Judge Globalism
Q. 1. Contrary to common perception,
Sen sees the ‘active agents of Globalization … located far from the West’. Give
two illustrations to prove the truth of his assertion.
Ans. There was a common perception among some thinker or common men
that Globalization is the new and Western concept. Amarta Sen is of the view
that globalization is neither new trend nor started by the
west. According to Sen Globalization is the cultural and
intellectual exchange between mankind that has been going on for ages. He is
against this concept that globalization is a western concept. He provides many
examples of cultural harmony between the eastern and western countries. He
wants to explain how this has put in to the improvement and development of
both.
Sen
has given so many illustrations to prove the truth that of his perception that
‘active agents of Globalization . . . located far from the West’. The two
illustrations among them are:
1.
He explains the foundation or origin of the Globalization far
from the West with this example. He says “To illustrate, consider
the world at the beginning of the last millennium rather than at its end.”
According him the science & technology has changed the old world not the
West. He writers as “The high technology in the world of 1000 AD included paper,
the printing press…..were used extensively in China”. So he explains that
neither West nor East has made the revolution by inventing the
paper.
2.
Then he gives another example of Mathematics to illustrate his perception as “A
similar movement occurred in the Eastern influence on Western Mathematics. The
decimal system emerged and became well developed in India…” So, according to
Sen the origin of Mathematics had started from the East. As the decimal system
has origin from India developed in 2nd and 6th Century.
Q. 2. In the essay Sen
asserts that ‘our global civilization is a world heritage’. How does he argue
his case? Do you agree with him? Give a reasoned answer.
Ans. In his essay “How to Judge Globalism” Sen asserts that ‘our global
civilization is a world heritage’. He has argued up on this throughout this
essay. According to Sen global civilization is a world heritage. He
says that it not just a compilation of different local cultures. He
says that ‘global civilization is’ not totally the concept of West but ‘is a
world heritage’. But this is the result of the cultural exchange between East
and West. It is wrongly considered same as Westernization. He poses
questions and gives its answer himself as: “Is Globalization really a new Western
curse? It is, in fact, neither nor necessarily Western and it is not a
curse.” So according to Sen Globalization is neither Western concept
nor a Curse, but is a world heritage. We also agree with him about
this perception that ‘our global civilization is a world heritage’.
Q. 4. While talking of
‘distributional fairness’ Sen uses the analogy of a family. Explain how he uses
it to explain what he believes to be as an error of approach towards
globalization.
Ans. Sen uses the
analogy of the family while
talking about the distributional arrangement. He uses it to explain his belief
to be as an error of approach towards globalization. It is believed that to
favor one gender is not good. He writes as “By analogy, to argue a particularly
unequal and sexist family arrangement is unfair, one does not have to show that
women would have done comparatively better had there been no families at
all.’’ According to Sen the question is not whether someone is
better than another. He is against this notion that poor are getting poor due
to globalization. His view is that poor are also getting something from the
global contacts.
Q. 5. Even
though Sen defends globalization, he is aware that it is fraught with problems.
What according to him is the ‘real issue’ that needs be addressed? Give a
well-reasoned answer.
Ans. There is no doubt
in this that even though Sen defends globalization, but he is also aware about
this that it has also some problems. He explains the ‘real issue’ that needs to
be addressed as:
1. Global capitalism
should not be more dominated by market relations than with democracy.
2. The business at
international level should not have autocracies.
3. Multinational
companies should work for the removal of illiteracy, medial deprivation
etc.
4. Exports from poor
countries must not be suppressed.
5. The super powers of
the world should not dominate in globalization.
6. There should be equal
development without any difference.
Exercise
2
Choose
the correct option.
1. While
referring to the printing of the world's first book as a 'globalized event',
which country does Sen not cite? a. China b. India c. Italy d. Turkey
2. Sen uses the
expression 'shoot themselves in the foot' at one place. What does it mean? a.
to cause physical harm, b. to handle a
situation courageously;
c. to foolishly harm one's own cause, d.
none of the above
3. The Latin
term for ‘a cove or a bay’ is a. jya. , b. jaib. , c. jiba. , d. none
of the above
4. Sen's
approach to anti-globalisation movements is: a. extremely critical. b. highly appreciative. c. completely
defensive. d. none of the above
5. Sen argues
that globalization a. has much to offer. b. should be defended against
anti-globalisation protestors. c. examines the legitimacy of questions raised
by anti-globalisation movements. d. a.
and c.
6.Sen insists
that globalization a. needs reform. b. should address the problems of the
poor.c. should follow the principle of fair distribution. d. all of above
7. Which one of
the following is not true of Vajracchedika Prajnaparamitasutra? a. It
is an old treatise on Hinduism. b. It was the first printed book. c. It was
translated from Sanskrit into Chinese. d. It was translated by a half-Indian
and half-Turkish scholar.
8. According to
Sen, anti-globalisation protests are: a. localised events. b. globalised events. c. organised only for sensational value. d.
none of the above
Affixation is
the process of adding something in front of (where it is called a prefix), or
after (when it is called a suffix) a word or base. You may remember prefixes
and suffixes from your previous semesters. Affixation is by far the most
prolific and enduring form of English word formation.
Exercise
3
Add
appropriate prefixes to the given words. Find two synonyms for each new word
created.
S. no. Base New
Word Synonym 1 Synonym
2
1.
Social Antisocial Unfriendly Uncommunicative
2.
Calculate Miscalculate
Blunder Err
3.
Active Inactive Lazy Sluggish
4.
Climax Anticlimax
Disappointment Bathos
5.
Conception Misconception
Delusion Fallacy
6.
Slavery Antislavery
Abolitionist Anti-colonial
7.
Behave Misbehave
Be bad Be naughty
8.
Aircraft Antiaircraft Flack Flak
9.
Adventure Misadventure Accident Difficulty
10.
Septic Antiseptic
Disinfectant Germicide
11.
Discreet Indiscreet
Imprudent Unwise
12.
Grateful Ungrateful
Unthankful Thankless
Exercise
4
Here are some more words ending
with the suffix -cracy. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the
box.
Kleptocracy,
stratocracy, technocracy, geniocracy, plutocracy, plantocracy, oligocracy,
adhocracy
1. A government
where those in power are corrupt and financially self-interested. (Kleptocracy)
2. A framework
for a system of government which advocates a certain minimal criterion of
intelligence for political candidates and the electorate. (geniocracy)
3. A form of
government in which state power belongs to a small group of people
(oligocracy),
4. A form of
government headed by military forces. (stratocracy)
5. A system of
flexible and informal organisation and management in place of a rigid
bureaucracy. (adhocracy)
6. A ruling
class formed of plantation owners (plantocracy)
7. A government or social system controlled by
scientists and technical experts (technocracy)
8. A government
or state in which the wealthy rule. (plutocracy)
Exercise
5
Add -able or -ible
appropriately to the following words and form new words.
1. practice
(able), 2. Excit (able), 3. Access
(ible), 4. Convert (ible), 5. Approach (able), 6. Contempt (ible), 7. Irrit
(able), 8. Cur (able) 9. Incred(ible),
10. neglig
(ible).
Exercise
6
Form
new words for each given word using the suffixes in brackets Remember to change
their root forms appropriately.
1. wonder
(-ous): wondrous, 2. remember (-ance): rememberance, 3. carpenter (-y): carpentry, 4. exclaim
(-ation): exclamation, 5. glamour (-ous): glamorous, 6. repeat (-ition):
repetition, 7. vapour (-ise): vaporize, 8. labour (ious): laborious, 9.
encumber (-ance): encumbrance, 10. enter (-ance): entrance,
11. pronounce
(-iation) : pronunciation, 12. monster (-ous): monstrous
Exercise
7
Following
are some words related to market and finance. Match them with their meanings.
1. tight money a. a market in which a few large sellers
control a commodity
2. stagflation b. an economic market with several
sellers but only one buyer
3. eminent
domain c. the economic condition
in which credit is difficult to secure and interest rates are high
4. isolationism d. a period of slow economic growth and
high unemployment, in which prices keep rising
5. monopsony e. a policy of non-participation in
international relations
6. oligopoly f. right of the state to take
private property for public use
7. Laffer curve g. the branch of economics that studies
the economy of consumers or households or individual firms
8.
microeconomics h. measures the average price change of goods and services
9. glass ceiling
i. a graph purporting to show the
relation between tax rates and government income
10. producer price index j. a ceiling based on attitudinal or
organisational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women
from advancing to leadership
positions
Ans. 1=c, 2=d, 3=f,
4=e, 5=b, 6=a, 7=i, 8=g, 9=j, 10=h
Exercise
8
Find
out about each term given below and define each in a few sentences.
1.
Outsourcing = Outsourcing is the
business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services or
create goods that were traditionally performed in-house by the company's own
employees and staff.
2.
Consumerism
= the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.
3.
Global village =
the world considered as a single community
linked by telecommunications.
4.
Sweatshops = A "sweatshop" is defined by the US Department of Labor
as a factory that violates 2 or
more labor laws.
5.
Emerging
economy = An emerging market
economy is an economy that's
transitioning into a developed economy.
1.
6. Crony capitalism = an economic system
characterized by close, mutually advantageous relationships between business
leaders and government officials.
7. Global plutocracy = plutarchy is a society that is ruled or controlled by
people of great wealth or income.
8. Cultural convergence = Cultural convergence is a trend where two cultures that interact a
lot start to appear more similar to each other
Exercise
9
Provide
the full form of the following global organisations and institutional arrangements. You may already be familiar with
a few of these acronyms.
1. WFTO = World
fair Trade Organization
2. UNESCAP=
United Economic and Social Commission of Asia and the Pacific
3.UNODC = United Nations Office on drugs and
crime
4. BIS = Bureau of Indian Stands
5. APEC= Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
6. BRICS= Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
South Africa
7. ILO = International Labour Organization
8. UNWTO= United Nations World Tourism
Organization
9. ASEAN = Association of Southeast Asian
Nations
10. UNECA=
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
11. EFTA= European Free Trade Association
12. SCO= Shanghai Cooperation Organization
13. OPEC= Organisation of Petroleum Exporting
Counties
14. ICCROM = International Centre for the
Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
15. ITO = Indian Trade Organization
16. EU = The
European Union
Exercise
10
In the following list are names of some more
non-westerners who have contributed immensely to various fields. You may have
heard about them. Match the names with their respective fields of expertise.
1. Ibn al-aitham a. medicine b. optics
2. Al-Razi b. optics
3. Al-Zahrawi c. cartography
4. Ibn-Sina d. surgery
5. Al-idrisi e. flying machine
6. Abbas ibn
Firnas f. philosophy
Ans. 1=b, 2=f,
3=d, 4=a, 5=c, 6=a
Grammar
Note: Please for full explanation of Grammar Portion
watch live classes of ‘Clauses and Sentences’ on you tube channel ‘Dear Students
(Salim Sir)’
Use
the instructions given in brackets to rewrite the following sentences without changing
their meaning.
1. You'll get
hurt. Move away. (use if)
Ans. If you
don’t move away, you will get hurt.
2. Tagore was a
painter. He was also a poet. (use besides)
Ans. Besides a
painter, Tagore was also a poet.
3. He won a
lottery. He bought a new laptop. (use having)
Ans. Having won
a lottery, he bought a new laptop.
4. The sum is
very easy. Even a child can solve it. (use so, that)
Ans. The sum is
so easy that even a child can solve it.
5. The sun
shines. Make hay now. (use while)
Ans. Make a hay
while the sun shines.
6. He hurried
home. He might lose his way in the dark. (use lest)
Ans. He hurried
lest he might lose his way in the dark.
7. You must
charge less. I cannot buy this bag. (use unless)
Ans. Unless you
charge less, I cannot by this bag.
8. The burglar
saw the policeman coming. He fled from there. (use as soon as)
Ans. As soon as
the burglar saw the policeman coming, he fled from there.
Exercise
12
Do
as directed.
1. She received
praise and reward. (change to compound sentence)
Ans. She both
received praise and a reward.
2. He is not
only industrious but also wise. (change to simple sentence)
Ans. He is
industries and wise.
3. To avoid
accidents, you must follow traffic rules. (change to compound sentence)
Ans. You must
follow traffic rules and you will avoid traffic accidents.
4. Without your
help I can do nothing. (change to complex sentence)
Ans. If you will
not help me I can do nothing.
5. As soon as he
saw the lion, he ran away. (change to compound sentence)
Ans. He was the
lion and he ran away.
6. He heard the
news. He set off at once. (change to single simple sentence)
Ans. He set off
at one hearing the new.
7. He wishes to
become rich. He works hard. (change to complex sentence)
Ans. He works
hard as he wishes to become rich.
8. A person who
tells lies is seldom trusted. (change to simple sentence
Ans. A liar is
seldom trusted.
9. Do you know
the road which leads to the station? (change to simple sentence)
Ans. Do you know
the road to station?
10. He is a man
of great ability. (change to complex sentence)
Ans. He is a man
who has got great ability.
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